Organization Structure, Processes and Design project on Magma Design Automation Essay Example

Organization Structure, Processes and Design project on Magma Design Automation Paper Magma Design Automation is a fast-growing provider of Electronic Design Automation (EDA) software and design services. The company was founded in 1997 on the concept of combining logic design and physical design into a single system to better address emerging deep sub-micron design challenges. MDA is headquartered in Silicon Valley and has a global network of sales support personnel. Magma markets and supports its products through sales and support centers in North America, Europe, Japan, India and Asia-Pacific nations. Magma has grown substantially over the years to achieve sales of over $75 million in 2003. Magmas mission To create and deliver the best EDA software products and solutions, encompassing IC design from concept to completion, enabling our customers commercial success. Magmas Products We will write a custom essay sample on Organization Structure, Processes and Design project on Magma Design Automation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Organization Structure, Processes and Design project on Magma Design Automation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Organization Structure, Processes and Design project on Magma Design Automation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Magma Design Automation provides electronic design automation (EDA) software that enables chip designers to meet critical time-to-market objectives, improve chip performance and handle multimillion-gate designs. Key products include Blast Create(tm), Blast Plan(tm), Blast Fusion(r) and Blast Noise(r). Magma software products comprise the only truly integrated RTL-to-GDSII design flow. Magmas Customers Magma licenses its design automation software to semiconductor manufacturers and electronic products companies around the world. Among them: Broadcom, Infineon, NEC, Texas Instruments, Toshiba and Vitesse. Need to expand operations ASIC/VLSI development business was rapidly shifting its base from US to India in the later half of 90s. As they form the main customers of Magma, it also needed to follow the change. The main reasons for the start of the Indian operations are: 1. Close proximity to the clients: Magma caters to the multinational companies like Texas Instruments etc, globally. So to support these operations they also have to start their operation in India. 2. High quality manpower and low cost: The availability of the pool of talented engineers in India at low cost was also a reason for the shift. 3. Faster Response Time: Being present locally will also provide the faster response time for the maintenance and support. With these considerations in mind, the company opened its first Indian office at Bangalore in May 2003 with an initial work force of 25 people. The operative goals of the Indian operations are: 1. To upgrade its Indian operations so that it can cater to the Asia-pacific market and Japan, and at a later stage to European market as well. 2. To be amongst the top 3 EDA providers in India. 3. To provide new product development via its RD department for global operations so as to move up in the value hierarchy. Magma India is a part of a Global Matrix structure. The matrix structure helps the company to coordinate between the Indian operation and the parent company in both the product development as well as business development in whole of the globe. The company has three major departments viz. RD, Product Engineering and Field Application Engineering, along with support departments of Finance, Human Resource Development, Information Technology and Marketing. The company has a dual reporting structure with the team in India working alongside the team in the different regions on the same product. Various divisions in different operations Organization structure of Magma design automation Work flows in Magma with the use of cross-functional teams, chosen on geographical and divisional basis as required by the project. The criterion for choosing the group leader is technical expertise. The employees then work on this temporary team till the project is completed. The employees keep moving from one project to another in this fashion in the same division. Each employee thus has a dual reporting structure. He reports to his project lead, in most cases in U.S., as well as the divisional head in India. The organization structure and design of Magma is mainly determined by five factors Organization Strategy and Goals External environment Organization life cycle and size Organizational Culture Technology Magma India follows a differentiation strategy for interacting with its competitive environment and in order to achieve organizational goals. The company attempts to distinguish its products from others in the EDA industry. The products of Magma India are differentiated on the basis of technology, architecture and the features offered by them. The EDA tools offered by Magma are of high quality and they are priced high. Magma is committed to differentiate its products from others in the industry and for this it invests heavily in RD, product research and has got tie ups with other companies to market its products. In order to differentiate its products and to keep a competitive edge, Magma has got a strong RD division. Magma has got a strong customer focus and its FAE department continuously interacts with customers. IT also sends its RD people to customer sites and forms cross-functional teams, if there is such a requirement, at the customer site. Thus, Magma India wants to have the structure and culture of a learning organization and rewards its employees for creativity and innovation. The organizations ability to be flexible is constrained by its divisional architecture. This can be a severe problem as Magma India grows in size. To overcome the disadvantages of the divisional structure in the long term, it should establish strong formal horizontal linkages between divisions. This will increase coordination and add flexibility to the organization. The sector in which Magma India is operating is highly dynamic with lots of activity going on. On one hand small companies are coming fast to fill the niche whereas the old companies are consolidating to retain their matte. Also the environment becomes highly unstable due to the extensive dependence of this sector on the emerging technology. Its main competitors are Cadence, Synopsis, and Mentor Graphics etc. The requirements of the customer are also changing i.e. change of the design due to advent of nanometer technology. There are only a few number of external complexities that means only few external elements are relevant to the company. For Magma, these are changes in technology and clients. Therefore the company is in simple environmental complexity and unstable environmental change. Therefore company shares a moderate to high uncertainty.

Important Read This Before Sending ACT Scores to Colleges

Important Read This Before Sending ACT Scores to Colleges SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips No college application is complete without test scores. But sending scores to colleges doesn't have tobe a confusing and frustrating process! Read this article tounderstand all theoptions for sending out your ACT scores,to get help with the many decisions you will have to make, and to know what to do if you run into problems. I'll describe the basic process of how to send ACTscores, how to take full advantage of the ACT's individual score reporting, when to send scores, and howto make sure your scores don't get lost. At the same time, I'll go through the pros and cons of every option and suggest a recommended course of action. How to Send Your ACT Scores: 2 Methods You can send your ACT scores either when you take the test or any time after you get your scores. Method 1: Use Your Four Free Score Reports From the time youregister for the ACT until noon Central Time the Thursday after your test date, you have the option of sending out four free score reports to colleges or scholarship programs. However, this means you'll be sending your scoreswithout having actually seen them. Whether you should take this free reports offerreally depends on your circumstances: Pros:These four reports are free,so you'll save some money. Cons:You won’t be able to take advantage of the ACT score choicepolicy (more on this later). In other words, instead of getting to pick and choose which of your scores colleges will see, yourtest results will be sent to colleges even if you do worse than you expect. I recommend usingthe free reports to send scores to colleges thatrequire you to send all your ACT scores. Method 2: Order Additional Score Reports You can also send your ACT scores any time after you receive them by logging into your ACT accountor by sending in an order form for additional score reports. In your account, you can see your scores from all ACTs you've taken and create reports of these scores forcolleges to see. Here's our advice about whether you should send ACT scores after you've seen them: Pros:You can customize each score report to have only the test dates you want to send to colleges. This lets you take advantage ofACT score choice(again, I'll tell you all about this a little further down). Cons:Each score report costs $13 (even for students eligible for fee waivers), and each report can only have one test date and one college on it. For example, sending one test score to 10 schools costs $130, while sending four test scores to one school costs $52. Priority reports cost even more: $16.50 per report. These fees add up quickly,so think carefully about what you want to send where. Here are some of our recommendations on when to send additional score reports: Send scores withyour best section results to colleges that superscore the ACT. These schools willmake a new composite score for you using your best English, Math, Reading, and Science scores from any ACTs you took. Send your single highest score to colleges that neither superscore norrequire all your scores,to ACT scholarship programs,andto the NAIA if you are going to playcollege sports. Can You Send Old ACT Scores? To send ACT scores from any test taken before September 1, 2016, you have to request them from the ACT archives.Each regular archived report costs $38 (including a nonrefundable $25 archived scores fee), and each priority report costs $41.50. Here are three options for ordering older ACT scores: Request your scores online by creating anACT account. Send in a request form(if you can remember your approximate test year, ACT, Inc., can check a range of years in their records for you) or a letter of request (if you can't remember) to the following address: ACT Customer Care- Score Reports PO Box 451 Iowa City, IA 52243-0451 Call ACT, Inc., at(319) 337-1313.Note that you can only order regular reports this way- no priority reports. In addition, there is an extra $15 phone service fee. Pro Tip:Some QA websites claim that you can print out your scores from the ACT website and mail or fax them to colleges as a way of sending scores for free. If only!Unfortunately, the vast majority of colleges only accept score reports sent by ACT, Inc. What's more, most colleges only accept electronic scores through ACT's special service. It didn't work when you tried to mail your baby brother away when you were 4, and it won't work now for your ACT scores. Can You Choose Which ACT Scores to Send? Because of the way the ACT score ordering process is structured- you get to pick which score or scores to send to which colleges- their policy ends up being almost identical to the College Board's Score Choice policy for the SAT. (The ACT doesn’t call it Score Choice, but I will for the sake of simplicity.) Let's say you tookthe ACT twice. The first time you took it you were getting over the flu and having a terrible day. The basic idea of ACT Score Choice is that you can send just your second test score to your target colleges and pretend your first testdidn’t even happen. Here are some of the major pros and cons of ACT Score Choice: Pros Score Choice is awesome for colleges that don’t want to see all your ACT scores. It's also perfect for colleges that superscore- you can send your schools just those test dates that have your highest section scores. It’s also the best way to send your highest score to scholarship programs and the NAIA. Cons You have to be careful and read your target colleges' score submission policies carefully. Failing to send all your ACT scores to collegesthat require all of them could jeopardize your application! Because each score report can only haveone college and one score on it,sending out many reports can get reallyexpensive fast. The hot, new "make it rain" rap video montage accessory? A stack of envelopes from ACT, Inc. When Should You Send Your ACT Scores? Now, let's talk about the best times to send your ACT scores to schools. Should You Send ACT Scores Early? Some students have heard that sending ACT scores early (maybe even in your junior year!) shows colleges that you're a very interested applicant. It’s true that there is such a thing as demonstrated interest- admissions committees sometimes want to see proof that an applicant sincerely wants to go to their school. But demonstrated interest only comes into play after yourfull application has been submitted, usually as a way to move someone up on a waitlist. In any case, sending ACT scores early willnot give you an edge or constitute demonstrated interest.Generally, if you send scores to a college but haven’t applied there yet, the admissions committee will simply save them under your name in a general file until your application shows up. They don’t keep track of whose scores get there first. And it's not only that:if you send your scores early but are still planning to retake the ACT, you won't get the full benefit of Score Choice since you won't be able to choose between that early score and ones from later tests. Sending scores early enough for Neanderthals to receive them won't give you a leg up. When Should ACT Scores Get to Colleges? It'll be no surprise to hear that official score reports should be received by each university's respective application deadline.In order to figure out what this means in terms of when to send your ACT scores, let’s go through the timing of everything that happens after you take the test. Step 1: ACT, Inc., Scores Your Test This usually takes two weeks for multiple-choice scores (but can take up to eight). It takes an extra two weeks for Writing scores (if you took the ACT with Writing). It also takes an extra one to two weeks if you took the test outside the US or Canada (on top of the extra two weeks for Writing). Step 2: Score Reports Are Posted Online and Processed for Sending Scores are posted online as soon as multiple-choice results are ready (and Writing results are added two weeks later when they are finished). However, if you tested through State and District, School, or DANTES Testing, you’ll only see your scores online after getting your printed score report in the mail. If you registered for the four free score reports, these are sent out as soon as your full score report (multiple choice plus Writing, if you took the latter as well) is ready. Any score reports ordered through the ACT website take aboutone week of processing before being sent to colleges. Step 3: Colleges Receive ACT Scores Mostcolleges get ACT scores electronically.The schools themselves determine how often they receive scores. The least frequent possibility is once every two weeks, though most schools choose to receive scores far more often (for example, UVA gets them daily). A small number ofcolleges receive paper score reports sent by first-class mail. These are usually delivered within a few days. Remember that there will be a lag between when a college gets your scores and when it adds them to your application file. In most circumstances, the math for ordering the test goes like this: 1 week for ordering scores + 1 week for colleges to get and file scores = you need to order at least 2weeks before the application deadline Just in case, however, it's best to send ACT scores as soon as you're done testing and are sure which schools you're applying to. Your last possible test-date math looks like this: 2 weeks for scoring multiple choice + 2 weeks for scoring Writing + 3 weeks for ordering tests = take your last test no later than 7 weeks before the application deadline Sending your scores is the synchronized swimming of college applications: to do it well, you have to master perfect timing. Should You Order ACT Priority Score Reports? If you’re running short on time, you can send colleges your scores throughACT’s rush service. Here are the pros and cons of doing this: Pros Instead of taking up to one week to send your scores, ACT, Inc., guarantees that scores will be processed within two business days of your request and delivered three to four days later. Cons This service does not speed up how long it takes to score your test. This service also does not speed up how long it takes for colleges to receive your scores- colleges choose the timing themselves, which cantakeup to two weeks. In other words, while scores are sent sooner, they aren't necessarily going to be seen sooner. Colleges that receive ACT score reports electronically might not view priority reports at all. The cost is$16.50 per report. Here are our recommendations:if every moment counts because the deadline is fast approaching, it might make sense to pay extra to buy yourself a little more time. Just keep in mind that colleges might not see your scores any faster if their delivery preferences aren’t set up for priority reports. What If Your ACT Scores Arrive After the Application Deadline? What happens to applications when ACT scores are received late ultimately depends on each college’s individual policy. Some schools have a hard-and-fast rule that late application materials disqualify applicants. For example, theUniversity of Texas’s policy even overrides the guaranteed admission this state school offers to any in-states students in the top 10% of their class. At some schools, late ACT scores are a gamble- you’re betting that your application won’t be considered until further into the process, so your scores might have a chance to get there. For example, here's whatStanford’s admissions site warns in regard to late scores: â€Å"We cannot delay the review of an application in anticipation of scores that will arrive after the deadline nor can we guarantee that late [ACT] scores will be reviewed." Meanwhile,UVA points out what happens if your scores are late: â€Å"There is a chance that we will have already started the [sic] review your file before those scores arrive. You should still send those scores. ... There's a chance that the scores will be seen at some point in the process.† Finally, some schools judge each application on a case-by-case basis. This means that an otherwise excellent application might be put aside until ACT scores arrive, while an application that's clearly not a good fit for the school might be rejected even before scores arrive. Still better than being late for the Queen of Hearts and her "off with your head" policy. How Can You Make Sure Your ACT Scores Don’t Get Lost? The top reasons colleges can’t find your ACT scores are as follows: You enteredthe wrong ACT college code You forgot to send your scores to that particular college If you registered for the four free score reports, you can check your own score report for the code numbers you put in and confirm they're correct. If you ordered reports from the ACT website, go to your account and double-check the college codes there. A good rule of thumb is to wait three weeks after your sending date to check whether your scores have been received.Usually, this info will be available on the college’s application site. In other cases, colleges might contact you to let you know which application materials have not yet arrived. If you get a notice from the college that your ACT scores are missing, don’t panic:it can take a few weeks for received application materials to be logged.Chances are, the school has indeed received your scores but simply hasn’t filed them yet. Feel free to call the admissions office and calmly and respectfully ask them to check whether your scores have arrived. If your ACT scores don't turn up- whether because they got lost in the mail, were somehow electronically derailed, or were simply misfiled- you can still resend your scores by ordering new reportsfrom the ACT website. If she's facing away from Lost, does that mean she's going to Found? Deep thoughts. What’s Next? Is your ACT score good enough? Learn what an excellent ACT score is for your top-choice schools, and get a first-person guide to getting a perfect 36. Studying for an ACT retake?Learn how to stop running out of time on Math and Reading,and check out our complete guide to ACT Science. Want to blow off a little steam? Here are five fun facts about the ACT. Maybe one will help you win that coveted pink Trivial Pursuit wedge! Disappointed with your ACT scores? Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

Socrates - The Greatest Philosopher Of All Time Research Paper

Socrates - The Greatest Philosopher Of All Time - Research Paper Example Such was his influence on the philosophical world that the era before him has been named the pre Socrates era. Socrates set the standard for all the western philosophers to come. His methods were employed by all the great philosophers later including Plato and Aristotle to name a few which makes a case in itself for him being the greatest. A thorough analysis of his life, teachings and philosophical viewpoints will further establish my claim for him being the greatest philosopher of all time. Life Born to Sophroniscus a sculptor by profession in 469 BC, Socrates was both short and unattractive (socrates a closer look at the greatest thinker). Though little is known about his early life it is reported that he was educated in literature, music, gymnastic and sculpture which were the integral constituents of elementary education at that time in Athens. Socrates had many teachers. Socrates mentioned that he was taught â€Å"love† by diotima of mintineia. Socrates also mentioned th at he learned rhetoric from Aspasia and music from Connus. However, others argue that his principal teacher was Anaxagorean Archelaus. Despite having so many teachers his undying lust of knowledge lead him to develop his own method of inquiry known as the Socrates method of questioning. Despite being short and unattractive, Socrates was married to Xanthippe, a much younger woman than himself. Several sources claim that he had a second wife as well whose name was Myrto. It is known that his wife was an ill tempered and rude woman. According to various theories Socrates inherited stone masonry as a profession from his father and used it for a living. In his dialogues Plato has also discussed the military life of Socrates. He reported that Socrates when he was young was a brave soldier of the Athenian army and fought valiantly in the battles of Potidaea, Amphipolis and  Delium (socrates a closer look at the greatest thinker). His valour in the battle of delium was even acknowledged b y the general of that time. Later on however, he completely devoted himself to philosophy by refraining from the pursuits of the physical world. He spent most of his life in Athens roaming around and questioning the moral and ethical beliefs of the young men of the city. He used to teach people without demanding any financial gain which was perhaps the reason why he had an ardent sense of loyalty among his students. Aristophanes a contemporary playwright wrote a comic play in 423 BC called clouds (socrates a closer look at the greatest thinker). The play portrayed him as a clown. In the play Socrates used to worship scientific wonders and clouds instead of the gods worshipped in Greece. The play spread a very austere view of Socrates among the Athenians. In the following years, a wave of hatred and disapproval against Socrates ran around the city. Athenian began to dislike Socrates because of his criticism of popular beliefs and the ways of the current government. He used to approac h the wise men of Athens at that time and questioned them in ways which made them look foolish. His influence on the youth began to grow which along with all the other reasons became the main subject of his trials. Hence in 399 BC Socrates was held on trial and was charged for being responsible for disobeying the gods of the state and corrupting the minds of the youth (Kemerling, 2006).

Personal and Organizational Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Personal and Organizational Ethics - Essay Example Values can range from the ordinary places, such as the belief in hard work and  punctuality, to the more psychological, such as self-reliance,  concern for others, and harmony of purpose (Velasquez, 2002). Every human being has personal values that they uphold and maintain as they grow up. These values are quite important in the life cycle of human beings as they define who we grow up to become and they define our future. They also help us develop a relationship with the people around us and in our places of work. The values that we uphold define our character and other people’s perception of who we are. I uphold various personal values which I believed have shaped me to be the person I am today. To start with, respect is my number one value. I believe one need to respect others to be respected. Respect begins with oneself, if you show no respect to yourself, no one will respect you. Secondly, I uphold the value of truthfulness/ honesty. The wise men said that honesty is the best policy and I totally agree with them. I believe if one is truthful and honest in their endeavors, they will always succeed in life. Integrity is another value I maintain, people with integrity are peop le who are respected in the society. They are people who are focused in life with a huge desire in success. I also believe in hard work which is the root of all the best things in life. I also uphold self-reliance and self thinking which form strong driving forces towards attaining my goals. Other values I uphold include selflessness, justice, creativity, discipline, team work, tolerance, trust, kindness, goodness, humility and many others. Every one of us is aggravated to move our lives in certain guidelines. That motivation is determined by the values we pledge to. Our values are thus the creations and ideas of the thought, the distinct formulations of understanding that express what we perceive to be important truths about life. These ideals are then toughened by our

A utilitarian approach to poverty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A utilitarian approach to poverty - Essay Example Singer further argues that people in rich countries spend their income on things which are effectively useless for them. Singer therefore argues that if people can actually curtail their expenses on unnecessary things and donate them, they can actually contribute towards the improvement in the lives of many. Singer’s thesis is critically more important because it outlines the need to have a broader and compassionate view of the poor of the world and how their lives can be improved with just little bit of effort. Singer therefore suggests that rich should help poor because their help will actually result into greater good for the greatest number of people. He also provides the analogy of Bob Bugati and suggests how people from developed world actually ignore how a small time effort can save lives. Singer than suggests that there may be certain objections as to whether the funds donated or the help provided by the Westerners actually end up being utilized properly. There is a cl ear argument of whether the aid or the donations offered at the personal level can actually be utilized for the purpose for which they are given. This argument however, been discussed from the point of view how a little bit of research can actually help anyone to find out credible organizations which utilize the overall donations in fair manner. Underlying the arguments of Singer is probably the implicit assumption that money can actually buy happiness. Singer argues that financial donations and help from the rich can actually fulfill the basic and smaller needs of the poor. This ultimately translates into better and improved quality of the life for poor and may pave way for them to engage themselves into something meaningful. The argument of Bob Bugati however, also presents an alternative view of how money can actually restrict rich to help poor as people like Bob may value money and their financial belongings more than the lives of poor living thousands miles away. Singer therefo re, appears to be offering both the views that money can actually buy happiness while at the other hand, expensive financial possessions of the individuals can actually deter them to look for helping poor. The overall arguments of Singer are relatively straight forward however, there may be certain point of contention based upon which the overall disagreement can be made. First, the implicit assumption that money can actually buy happiness for the people may not be entirely correct argument. Though, money may be the most essential thing for the survival of the people in poor countries however, there is a need to actually view happiness from multi-dimensional purpose. By associating utility with the consumption of wealth can actually be a flawed argument considering the fact that poor countries have relatively higher level of happiness index value as compared to the countries where wealth is relatively high. Considering this from the perspective of Marxian analysis, one needs to argu e as to how to determine what is actually good for the people. To investigate as to what is essentially good for the people may be relatively difficult task because even providing foreign aid may not result into the creation of greater good for the poor because of corruption and other structural issues. Marxian criticism also suggests that

The Functions Of Netbios Computer Science Essay

The Functions Of Netbios Computer Science Essay NetBIOS was developed by IBM and sytek as an API for client software to access LAN resources anda also for accessing networking services. Netbios has extended its services to use netbios interface to operate on IBM token ring architecture. Netbios(network basic input/output system) is a program which allows communication between applications of different computer to communicate with in a LAN . netbios allow applications to talk on network and isolate program of hardware dependencies. In recent Microsoft windows operating systems NetBIOS is included as a part of NETBIOS extended user interface(NetBEUI) and it is also used in Ethernet and token ring. NetBIOS frees the application from understanding the details of network including error recovery and request is provided in the form of a Network control block (NCB) specifies a message location and the name of a destination. NetBIOS provides services for session and transport services in the OSI model with out any data format . the standard format is provided by NetBUI. Netbios provides two communication modes session and the datagram among which session mode provides conversation between computers which provides error detection and error recovery. NetBIOS provides an API(application program interface) for software developers which includes network related functions and commands which can be incorporated into software programs. For example, a programmer can use a prewritten NetBIOS function to enable a software program to access other devices on a network. This is much easier than writing the networking code from scratch. The communication in NetBIOS is carried out using a format called network control blocks . the allocation of these blocks is based on the users program and is reserved for input and output respectively. Netbios supports connection oriented (TCP) and connectionless(UDP) communication and also broadcaste and multicasting services like naming, session and datagram FUNCTIONS of NETBIOS Netbios allows applications to talk to each other using protocols like TCP/IP which supports netbios.netbios is a session/transport layer protocol which can be seen as netbeui and netbt . the main function sof NetBIOS are Starting and stopping sessions Name registration Session layer data transfer(reliable) Datagram data transfer (un reliable) Protocol driver and network adapter management functions General or NETBIOS status This service helps in gathering the information about aparticular network name and terminate a trace at local or a remote system. NETBIOS name services NetBIOS name table (NBT) service processes can be used with active directories components, domains and workgroups. The system details can be enumerated by querying the name service. Add, add group, delete and find, the naming services provide the capability to install a LAN adapter card can be done using netbios name services. NETBIOS Session Services Session services provides authentication across workgroups and provides access to resources like files and printers. Once the authentication is done session services provide reliable data transfer by establishing sessions between names over which data can be transmitted. Messages that are send are acknowledge by the receiving station, if an expected acknowledgement is not received the sender retransmit the message NETBIOS Datagram services The datagram services are used to define the way in which a host encapsulates information to netbios header , so that when a request occurs the information from the header is extracted and stores it in the cache. Datagram services allows sending messages one by one, broadcast without requiring a connection. The messages can be send to different networks by knoeing individual names or group names. http://www.fvsolutions.com/Support/index3.htm 2. How can NetBIOS be used to enumerate a Domain, a Host NetBIOS Enumeration Utility (NBTEnum) is a utility for Windows that can be used to enumerate NetBIOS information from one host or a range of hosts. The enumerated information includes the network transports, NetBIOS name, account lockout threshold, logged on users, local groups and users, global groups and users, and shares. If run under the context of a valid user account additional information is enumerated including operating system information, services, installed programs, Auto Admin Logon information and encrypted WinVNC/RealVNC passwords. This utility will also perform password checking with the use of a dictionary file. Runs on Windows NT 4.0/2000/XP/2003. PERL source included. Examples : * nbtenum -q 192.168.1.1 Enumerates NetBIOS information on host 192.168.1.1 as the null user. * nbtenum -q 192.168.1.1 johndoe Enumerates NetBIOS information on host 192.168.1.1 as user johndoe with a blank password. * nbtenum -a iprange.txt Enumerates NetBIOS information on all hosts specified in the iprange.txt input file as the null user and checks each user account for blank passwords and passwords the same as the username in lower case. * nbtenum -s iprange.txt dict.txt Enumerates NetBIOS information on all hosts specified in the iprange.txt input file as the null user and checks each user account for blank passwords and passwords the same as the username in lower case and all passwords specified in dict.txt if the account lockout threshold is 0. http://www.secguru.com/link/nbtenum_netbios_enumeration_utility 3. What vulnerabilities are associated with netbios and how they can be exploited? The following are the some of the vulneabilities of the netbios and their exploitations Windows NetBIOS Name Conflicts vulnerability The Microsoft Windows implementation of NetBIOS allows an unsolicited UDP datagram to remotely deny access to services offered by registered NetBIOS names. An attacker can remotely shut down all Domain Logins, the ability to access SMB shares, and NetBIOS name resolution services. Vulnerable systems: Microsoft Windows 95 Microsoft Windows 98 Microsoft Windows NT Microsoft Windows 2000 NetBIOS Name Conflicts, defined in RFC 1001 (15.1.3.5), occur when a unique NetBIOS name has been registered by more than one node. Under normal circumstances, name conflicts are detected during the NetBIOS name discovery process. In other words, a NetBIOS name should only be marked in conflict when an end node is actively resolving a NetBIOS name. The delivery of an unsolicited NetBIOS Conflict datagram to any Microsoft Windows operating system will place a registered NetBIOS name into a conflicted state. Conflicted NetBIOS names are effectively shut down since they cannot respond to name discovery requests or be used for session establishment, sending, or receiving NetBIOS datagrams. The security implications of conflicting a NetBIOS name depend upon the NetBIOS name affected. If the NetBIOS names associated with the Computer Browser service are conflicted, utilities such as Network Neighborhood may become unusable. If the Messenger Service is affected, the net send command equivalents are unusable. If NetLogon is conflicted, Domain logons can not be authenticated by the affected server, thus allowing an attacker to systematically shutdown the NetLogon service on all domain controllers in order to deny domain services. Finally, conflicting the Server and Workstation Services will stop access to shared resources and many fundamental NetBIOS services such as NetBIOS name resolution. Microsoft Windows 9x NETBIOS password verification vulnerability. A vulnerability exists in the password verification scheme utilized by Microsoft Windows 9x NETBIOS protocol implementation. This vulnerability will allow any user to access the Windows 9x file shared service with password protection. Potential attackers dont have to know the share password. Vulnerable systems: Microsoft Windows 95 Microsoft Windows 98 Microsoft Windows 98 Second Edition Immune systems: Windows NT 4.0 Windows 2000 Anyone can set a password to protect Microsoft Windows 9x systems shared resources. But a vulnerability in the password verification scheme can be used to bypass this protection. To verify the password, the length of the password depends on the length of the data sent from client to server. That is, if a client sets the length of password to a 1 byte and sends the packet to server, the server will only compare the first byte of the shared password, and if there is a match, the authentication will be complete (the user will be granted access). So, all an attacker need to do is to guess and try the first byte of password in the victim. Windows 9x remote management system is also affected since it adopts the same share password authentication method. Exploit: Here is one simple example to demonstrate this bug. Get samba source package and modify source/client/client.c like this: samba-2.0.6.orig/source/client/client.c Thu Nov 11 10:35:59 1999 +++ samba-2.0.6/source/client/client.c Mon Sep 18 21:20:29 2000 @@ -1961,12 +1961,22 @@ struct cli_state *do_connect(char *serve DEBUG(4,( session setup okn)); +/* if (!cli_send_tconX(c, share, , password, strlen(password)+1)) { DEBUG(0,(tree connect failed: %sn, cli_errstr(c))); cli_shutdown(c); return NULL; } +*/ + + password[0] = 0; + c->sec_mode = 0; + do{ + + password[0]+=1; + + }while(!cli_send_tconX(c, share, , password, 1)); Flaw in NetBIOS Could Lead to Information Disclosure Network basic input/output system (NetBIOS) is an application-programming interface (API) that can be used by programs on a local area network (LAN). NetBIOS provides programs with a uniform set of commands for requesting the lower-level services required to manage names, conduct sessions, and send datagrams between nodes on a network.   This vulnerability involves one of the NetBT (NetBIOS over TCP) services, namely, the NetBIOS Name Service (NBNS). NBNS is analogous to DNS in the TCP/IP world and it provides a way to find a systems IP address given its NetBIOS name, or vice versa.   Under certain conditions, the response to a NetBT Name Service query may, in addition to the typical reply, contain random data from the target systems memory. This data could, for example, be a segment of HTML if the user on the target system was using an Internet browser, or it could contain other types of data that exist in memory at the time that the target system responds to the NetBT Name Service query.   An attacker could seek to exploit this vulnerability by sending a NetBT Name Service query to the target system and then examine the response to see if it included any random data from that systems memory.   If best security practices have been followed and port 137 UDP has been blocked at the firewall, Internet based attacks would not be possible. To exploit this vulnerability, an attacker would have to be able to send a specially-crafted NetBT request to port 137 on the target system and then examine the response to see whether any random data from that systems memory is included. In intranet environments, these ports are usually accessible, but systems that are connected to the Internet usually have these ports blocked by a firewall.   How could an attacker exploit this vulnerability?   An attacker could seek to exploit this vulnerability by sending NetBT Name Service queries to a target system and then examining the responses for arbitrary data from the target systems memory.   NetBIOS Name Server Protocol Spoofing (Patch available) Microsoft has released a patch that eliminates a security vulnerability in the NetBIOS protocol implemented in Microsoft Windows systems. This can be exploited to cause a denial of service attack. Affected Software Versions:    Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 Workstation    Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 Server    Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 Server, Enterprise Edition    Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 Server, Terminal Server Edition    Microsoft Windows 2000 The NetBIOS Name Server (NBNS) protocol, part of the NetBIOS over TCP/IP (NBT) family of protocols, is implemented in Windows systems as the Windows Internet Name Service (WINS). By design, NBNS allows network peers to assist in managing name conflicts. Also by design, it is an unauthenticated protocol and therefore subject to spoofing. A malicious user could misuse the Name Conflict and Name Release mechanisms to cause another machine to conclude that its name was in conflict. Depending on the scenario, the machine would as a result either be unable to register a name on the network, or would relinquish a name it already had registered. The result in either case would be the same the machine would not respond requests sent to the conflicted name anymore. If normal security practices have been followed, and port 137 UDP has been blocked at the firewall, external attacks would not be possible. A patch is available that changes the behavior of Windows systems in order to give administrators additional flexibility in managing their networks. The patch allows administrators to configure a machine to only accept a name conflict datagram in direct response to a name registration attempt, and to configure machines to reject all name release datagrams. This will reduce but not eliminate the threat of spoofing. Customers needing additional protection may wish to consider using IPSec in Windows 2000 to authenticate all sessions on ports 137-139. Patch Availability:    Windows 2000:   Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.microsoft.com/Downloads/Release.asp?ReleaseID=23370    Windows NT 4.0 Workstation, Server, and Server, Enterprise   Ã‚  Ã‚  Edition:Patch to be released shortly.    Windows NT 4.0 Server, Terminal Server Edition: Patch to be   Ã‚  Ã‚  released shortly. 4. How can the security problems associated with netbios be mitigated? Defending against external NetBIOS connections If NetBIOS has to be allowed, the first step is to ensure that only a very small number of devices are accessible.   As youll see, leaving your network open to external NetBIOS traffic significantly increases the complexity of system hardening.   Complexity is the enemy of system assurance. Next, ensure that the exposed systems are hardened by, Disabling the systems ability to support null sessions Defining very strong passwords for the local administrator accounts Defining very strong passwords for shares, assuming you absolutely have to have shares on exposed systems Keeping the Guest account disabled Under no circumstances allowing access to the root of a hard drive via a share Under no circumstances sharing the Windows or WinNT directories or any directory located beneath them Crossing your fingers Mitigating Factors Any information disclosure would be completely random in nature. By default, Internet Connection Firewall (ICF) blocks those ports. ICF is available with Windows XP and Windows Server 2003. To exploit this vulnerability, an attacker must be able to send a specially crafted NetBT request to port 137 on the destination computer and then examine the response to see whether any random data from that computers memory is included. For intranet environments, these ports are typically accessible, but for Internet-connected computers, these ports are typically blocked by a firewall Some of the ways in which the intruder can be prevented from attacking the target system are Limit the network hosts that can access the service. Limit the user who accesses the service. Configure service which allows only authenticated connections. Limit the degree of access that would permit a user to change configuration of networks. links http://www.securiteam.com/windowsntfocus/5WP011F2AA.html http://www.securiteam.com/windowsntfocus/5MP02202KW.html http://www.securiteam.com/windowsntfocus/5DP03202AA.html http://www.secguru.com/link/nbtenum_netbios_enumeration_utility http://www.securityzero.com/uploaded_files/vulnerabilities_report.pdf http://www.securiteam.com/exploits/5JP0R0K4AW.html http://www.windowsitpro.com/article/netbios/information-disclosure-vulnerability-in-microsoft-netbios.aspx http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=130690seqNum=11 http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/Bulletin/MS03-034.mspx http://marc.info/?l=bugtraqm=96480599904188w=2 http://descriptions.securescout.com/tc/14002 http://www.securityspace.com/smysecure/viewreport.html?repid=3style=k4 http://blogs.techrepublic.com.com/security/?p=196

Ballroom Dancing :: essays research papers

Ballroom Dancing: The Development of Two Techniques   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is a fact that emotion stimulates the body into movement. It has been said that â€Å"dancing is older than anything except eating, drinking and love†. Civilization and conditioning has taught people to suppress this natural response but the primitive desire still remains. Prehistoric man expressed his emotions by movement. When speech was just developing, even primitive cave drawings depict men dancing. As time went on and language was developed, the expressive movements of early man continued but transformed from spontaneous, formal and lastly traditional aspects. These dances were adapted as parts a social custom. This became the foundation of folk dances.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the earlier dark ages, dancing was found in every country in the form of traditional folk dances. Dancing was a regular feature of the church festival days in Italy, France and England. Showing as long as people exist, the desire to move will survive. This instinct for movement enabled crude folk dance to survive the dull dark ages. Dances from this period were drawn from the Christian Era and by the 15th century dance records became popular, documenting the actual dances then in â€Å"vogue†. This is when the earliest ballroom dances were documented. One documenter, Thoimot Arbeau published ‘Orchesographie’ in 1588. Arbeau lived in a time of transition where solemn dance was giving way to a livelier dance form. Even in the days of Arbeau, technique was slowly being formed by the dancing masters of the period, but it was not until the latter half of the 17th century, after Louis XIV that the hard and fast rules for execution of the every dance were laid down by the members of the Academy and the five positions of the feet were formulated for the first time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ballets presented in these days were spectacular based on technique. The first intertwining of the ballet and ballroom came when professional dancers appeared in ballets and the ballets left the court and went to the stage. When the ballet moved to the stage its technique became considerably enriched. Such changes went on also in ballroom dancing, in 1812, the modern hold made its appearance in ballroom waltzes. And the next advance towards what we call modern dancing was made in the 1840’s when several dances made their appearances in the ballroom. These included the Polka, Mazurka and the Schottische. There was also a trend to drop all decorative steps in ballroom.

Faulty Organizational Behavior in Tyco International Ltd

Most employees travel to and from the workplace each day with the ultimate goal to successfully perform their assigned job according to company standards. These company standards may include agendas, mission statements, professional conduct guidelines and even a code of ethics. How employees choose to follow company standards may govern their overall progress or success. While some may deviate from standards and fail, others may find themselves slipping through cracks unnoticed. Either way, the rules were broken. This paper will examine the failure suffered by Tyco International Ltd where leadership, management, and organizational structures were compromised. Let us start with the aftermath. According to MSNBC (2005), â€Å"Kozlowski and Swartz were accused of giving themselves more than $150 million in illegal bonuses and forgiving loans to themselves, besides manipulating the company’s stock price† (Corporate Scandals, para 14). Clearly, a scandal had hit Tyco International Ltd. Not only did former top executives slip themselves extra money, but they also toyed around with the stock prices. These actions had made the powerful men very wealthy. They also affected the lives of other individuals. During the trial, Kozlowski and Swartz pointed out that unlike WorldCom and Enron, Tyco continued to thrive as a company after the scandal (MSNBC, 2005). While this may have been a valid point, we cannot dismiss the fact that stealing, fraud, and self-indulgence had been present in the company. Now we will examine how the management, leadership, and organizational structure of Tyco International Ltd contributed to this failure. Robbins and Judge (2007) explain how managers coordinate social units of an organization in order to achieve common goals. Management performs several functions in a company that may include: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling (Robbins & Judge, 2007). As mentioned above, these functions are performed within social units to achieve common goals set by the company. Should deviation occur, it becomes the manager’s responsibility to get the employees back on track. The management at Tyco International Ltd strayed off course. Instead of performing tasks for the greater good of all members of the company, top xecutives allowed self-interest to govern decision-making. While managerial functions may have remained in place, the goals of these functions became malicious. Top executives began to plan, organize, lead and control in a fashion that was not in the best interest of all company members. An important managerial function is leading. â€Å"When managers motivate employees, direct the activities of others, select the most effective communication channels, or resolve conflicts among members, they’re engaging in leading† (Robbins & Judge, 2007, p. ). Tyco experienced a lack of honest leadership. While some of the normal leadership was maintained to ensure the overall success of the company, there were areas that were intentionally pointed in the wrong direction. The corrupt executives started to make decisions that resulted in large sums of money directed their way. Stock price adjustment and illegal bonuses represented leadership that was no longer in the best interest of the company. These leaders chose to use power in a self-gratifying way. As a result, Kozlowski and Swartz entered a case that â€Å"exposed the executive’s extravagant lifestyle after they pilfered some $600 million from the company including a $2 million toga party for Kozlowski’s wife on a Mediterranean island and an $18 million Manhattan apartment with a $6,000 shower curtain† (MSNBC, 2005). These men were making decisions that did not reflect the company’s overall goal for success. The unlawful actions represented the misuse of leadership. Tyco International Ltd experienced a disruption in organizational behavior as a result of this scandal. Organizational behavior is concerned with actions of people and how these specific actions and behaviors affect the overall performance of the company (Robbins & Judge, 2007). Kozlowski and Swartz exhibited corrupt behavior and illegal actions for their benefit. Their actions caused a scandal that changed the way that the public and company members viewed Tyco International Ltd. Unethical practices led to fraud, stealing, and eventually perjury (MSNBC, 2005). Overall, these men undermined the values and standards of the company. They were prosecuted and Tyco International Ltd was able to move forward. Today, Tyco International Ltd has an ethical standard in place. According to Verschoor (2006), â€Å"Against a dismal backdrop of corrupted ethics and failed governance, Ed Breen, Tyco chairman and CEO, began the process of ethical reform when he joined the company in the middle of 2002† (p. 15). Tyco now has four core values that include: integrity, excellence, teamwork, and accountability. These values are listed and explained in the 40-page booklet titled The Tyco Guide to Ethical Conduct: Doing the Right Thing (Verschoor, 2006). Employees are urged to report any unethical actions and must remain compliant with all standards. Unlike other businesses faced with scandal, Tyco survived. Managers realized the need for installing strict rules and standards that would require enforcement. As a result, the organizational behavior of Tyco became more stable. New standards make it more difficult for unethical behavior to slip by and cause scandal. Tyco International Ltd turned a negative situation into a learning experience. References MSNBC.  (2005).  Ex-Tyco executives get up to 25 years in prison.  Retrieved from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9399803/ns/business-corporate_scandals Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2007). Organizational Behavior (12th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Verschoor, C. C. (2006,  April). Tyco: An Ethical Metamorphosis. Strategic Finance, 87(10), 15-16.

To what extent was late nineteenth-century and early twentie essays

To what extent was late nineteenth-century and early twentie essays To what extent was late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century United States expansionism a continuation of past United States expansionism and to what extent was it a departure? America's Foreign Policy in the late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century can be studied in two lights. During this time period, there were many contrasts with US expansionism: a continuation of past U.S. expansionisms and a departure. Expansionism during the turn of the century was largely a continuation of the United States' previous foreign policies, but it was more of a departure. America's hunger for land and power led it to depart from its original foreign policies and expand worldwide, such as large parts of Asia and the Caribbean. Although the continuation of the United States' expansionism was limited, they continued to stay true to the Monroe Doctrine and the belief that they were "... [the] race of unequalled energy, with all the majesty of numbers and the might of wealth..." (Doc. B) In President Theodore Roosevelt's Annual Message to Congress on December 6, 1904, he stated that the United States does not actually hunger for any land or power, but instead it was their responsibility to interfere with any country plagued with "chronic wrongdoing, or an impotence which results in a general loosening of the ties of civilized society," such as Cuba. The unresolved Cuban Revolution revealed how poor the situation was in Cuba and Presidents McKinley and later Roosevelt decided used the theory of "the white man's burden" and "the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine" to reluctantly exercise their international police power. (Doc. F) America has also always been very interested in its own economy and making sure that no European countries such as Germany and Britain could dominate their economy. Its interference with Cuba, the Philippines, and China was not only purely out of good nature. America was losing ma...

Resume Format Guide What Your Resume Should Look Like in 2019

Resume Format Guide What Your Resume Should Look Like in 2019 At the end of the year, there’s often a lot going ons)How to Write a Legal Secretary Resume (with Examples)How to Write a Medical Assistant Resume (with Examples)How to Write a Perfect Administrative Assistant Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Barista Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Caregiver Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Cosmetology Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Customer Service Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Customer Service Resume (with Examples)How to Write a Perfect Human Resources Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Occupational Therapist ResumeHow to Write a Perfect Retail Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Sales Associate Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Social Worker Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Teaching Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Truck Driver Resume  (Examples Included)How to Write a Retail Mana ger Resume (with Examples)How to Write a Strong Home Health Aide Resume (Examples Included)At this point, we hope you have everything you need to get started with your A+ resume revamp. Once you’ve gone through the process and have your resume in sparkling shape, we also have some handy checklists for you to do one final pass before sending your resume out into the world.Your 5-Question Resume ChecklistThe Ultimate Resume Checklist [PDF]Does Your Resume Pass This Key Checklist?In addition to all of this, you can also utilize free resume templates to help get you started on forming a great foundation.Again, we know this is a busy time of year, but if you put in some work now, 2019 You will thank 2018 You!

Climate change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Climate change - Essay Example People who have inhabited different regions of the earth have been interviewed based on historic data told by the forefathers in comparison to the climatic condition in the place at the moment. The quantitative technique that yields more substantial outcome involves taking measurements to determine the rise in sea level that is attributed to the melting of polar ice. Also, the measurements try to relate claims that human increased emission of greenhouse gases contributes to the same. Further research to substantiate the claims is directed towards the determination of the overall temperature of the water bodies. The results indicate that there is a general change in climate all over the world considering other factors such as ocean acidification and decrease in ice cover compared to the past. The level of technology used in gathering the data is convincing, but further research is imperative for one to draw sound conclusions. However, it is crucial to establish more evidence beyond reasonable doubts by considering the sequence of the earth climate variations. Data on climate provide some evidence that the world is undergoing a series of climate variability, and the noticeable changes have nothing to do with human activities among other causative

Monopoly, Oligopoly, Monopolistic competition, or Perfect competition Essay

Monopoly, Oligopoly, Monopolistic competition, or Perfect competition - Essay Example These barriers discourage new entrants in the oil industry as the existing firms can also take them down in price wars. The market for crude oil refining is an example of an oligopoly. Another significant feature of an oligopoly is that it is dominated by a few large firms which also holds true for the crude oil industry. It is dominated by major players like Kuwait Petroleum Corporation and BP (British Petroleum) Corporation etc. Firms in an oligopoly can decide to collude and act as a monopoly or stay as rivals and compete. When firms in an oligopoly collude, they may agree on prices, market share, advertising expenditure etc. Collusion reduces uncertainty in market regarding prices and since firms do not go for price competition, the total industry profits are not reduced. A cartel like OPEC acts as a single firm or a monopoly and diagrammatically a profit-maximizing cartel can be explained as follows: Since there are few major players, each player exerts significant market power and the bargaining power of suppliers is more than the bargaining power of buyers due to this. Also because of the interdependency feature, there is a lot of scope for collusion among the firms in an oligopoly. ... Each firm’s demand curve is relatively elastic below the existing price line. This entices firms to cut their prices and win over their rival’s customers and increase the total revenue. However the rival’s response to the price cut can act as a hindrance because if rivals match the price cut, there will be very less room for increased total revenue. If a firm raises its price, then its rivals might not copy the price increase and a significant portion of sales will be lost to rivals. Oil is a commodity that is used as a fuel for transportation, electricity generation, in industries as well as domestically. The world economy at large is dependent on oil and that is how large the demand for oil is. Since there is a cartel in the oil industry, OPEC, the world oil prices have shown an upward trend because OPEC has substantial power to drive up prices. Price elasticity is different in the presence of a cartel because the supply of oil is in the control of OPEC. Under a cartel such as OPEC, the producers try to fix the price and quantity. The output in an oil industry just like any other oligopoly is allocated as per a quota system (Geoff Riley). The aim of this cartel strategy is to maximize profits. Each individual oil firm is given an output quota. But the output quota allotted to an individual firm might not be at its profit maximizing level (Geoff Riley). The only way an individual firm can make profit out of it is through cheating and going against the cartel. It can supply oil at a price lower than the cartel price. The demand for oil under a cartel is not that responsive or elastic to a price change because oil is an important raw material in many industries and also an essential fuel