Computers: Past, Present and Future :: Technology

Computers Past, Present and Future Since the time when man first learned to express how they felt in indite form, by drawing or writing, we have tried to elapse with other people. First, it was the prehistoric man with their conceptual cave drawings showing what animals to hunt, how to hunt them, and how to cook them. soon that form took to hieroglyphics, in which the Egyptians would tell stories about battles they had won and about new pharaohs that had been born. This picture form soon turned in to words in which the Romans would communicate with one another. So it went, each generation progressed more and more, until it was the 20th century.In 1937 the electronic data processor was born. Computers were in 1943 to break the unbreakable German Enigma codes. 1951 introduced the computer commerci totallyy. However, it wasnt until around 1976 when the Apple II was introduced and it was immediately adopted by high schools, colleges, and homes. This was the first time that people from all over really had an chance to use a computer. Since that time micro processing chips have been made, the World Wide Web has been invented and in 1996 more than one out of every troika people have a computer in their home, and two out of every three have one at the office. Today, computers influence all lifestyles, and all different types of businesses. They have become an essential part of everyday life, from chatting, to e-mail, to commerce, to gaming. Almost every person in the United States has had some use on the computer. Since the engineering science age began, computers have become a mainstay in American and world society as much as the telephone, the automobile, and the television. Almost every blind has some type of computer in it. Whether it is a cell phone, a calculator, or a vending machine. Even things that we take for granted most cars since the 1980s have a computer in it or a pacemaker. All of the advancements in computers and technology h ave led up to the 21st century in which the greatest advances in computer technology will occur Mainly in areas such as hardware, software, communications and networks, mobile and wireless connectivity, and robotics.All lifestyles profit from the use of computers.

Comparing Roosevelts New Deal and Laura Ingalls Wilder Little House on the Prairie :: Compare Contrast Comparison

Comparing Roosevelts New Deal and Laura Ingalls Wilder Little dramatics on the Prairie Books Laura Ingalls Wilder wrote many books during her time. She is beat known for her Little House on the Prairie books, which were written in the 1930s during the large(p) depression. I will contrast Roosevelts New Deal with Laura Ingalls Wilder Little House on the Prairie books. The comparison between these two is the fact of how the Little House on the Prairie books did not depend on the government and Roosevelts New Deal political program and how Laura and her family lived life with little to no help from the government. To start off I am going to give you a brief bet onground on what caused the great depression and how the New Deal came about.The great depression came about for many different reasons. Some of these reasons are due to the stock market crash of 1929. near people think that this is what started the great depression but actually it was only part of it. The upper and lower classes played a big role on wages for what was paid between the two different classes. Because of this wage difference it had an impact on the banking system. Also America became know as a character nation vs. a debtor nation. Which meant that the united States was owed more money by other countries and the United States owed. Another problem that the United States was having is that the whole dollar vs. gold. During the 1930s the United States was still on a gold value system where paper money had no value. With all of these factors and the stock market crash of 1929 was just the last straw that broke the camels back as the saying goes. With the depression going and 1 out of every 4 people not having a job, the unpolished was in serious trouble. Franklin D. Roosevelt came up with the New Deal. The New Deal was also known as Works Progress Administration (WPA). The program put 8,500,000 of Americans back to work. The work consisted of everything from building public p arks and a writers program to paying farmers not to plant crops. This is the part of the New Deal that I will be addressing. The Agricultural Adjustment Act also known as AAA. The AAA act came about to stabilize prices and overproduction on farm products such as cotton, wheat, corn, rice, tobacco, hogs and milk.

The Great Gatsby Essay examples -- The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgeral

The Great GatsbyThe Characters in the book are static characters because everything that happens to them does not affect how they act on any permanent basis. Gatsbys reputation never changes from his smug, rich, party host for more than a hour or two. Tom and daisy Buchanan never stop fighting but, at the same quantify, never effort to end their relationship because of it. Nick tries to become a big city man but never changes from his middle American farm boy ways. The Characters never change from their basic views and idiosyncrasies throughout the progress of the book. Gatsbys personality never changes from his smug, rich, party host for more than a hour or two. the only time his attitude changes from this is when he sees Daisy for the first time in five years and when Daisy le...

French Revolution Essay -- essays research papers

The French change lasted from 1789 to 1799. Althoughthere were several factors that made the French Revolutionpossible, such as population growth, the expansion of themiddle classes, and the rise of an informed public, therewere troika immediate causes of the Revolution. One was thediminished authority of the royal government. another(prenominal) wasthe revolt by the nobility, who sensed a weakeningmonarchy. The third cause was the crop failure.The government of France was in a financial crisis. Thecountry was deeply in debt from the financing of the wars ofLouis XIV. To deal with the nations economic problems,Louis XVI called for a meeting of the Estates familiar in1789.The Estates General was made up of representatives fromeach of the three social classes, or Estates. The First Estateconsisted of the clergy, the Second Estate consisted of thenobility, and the Third Estate consisted of the commoners.The Third Estate, which made up 98 percent of thepopulation of France, was under represented. Since theEstates General had to select separately and by order, theThird Estate would almost always be outvoted by the FirstEstate and the Second Estate who would get to vote first.Because of this, the Third Estate wanted its traditionalnumber of representatives to be doubled so that it matchedthe other two orders put together. When Louis XVI refusedtheir demand, the Third Estate, led by Abbe EmmanuelSieyes, changed its name to the Nation...

Buddhism in Sculpture Essay -- essays research papers

Image that is recognized all around the world, name that does not take time remembering when that image is seen, a one-half naked man sitting in a meditative pose - some god, as seen by most people, Buddha is a messenger of internal slumber that has as much of a story behind him as Jesus or Allah. Religions iconography and gods represented in sculptures always have a great circumstances of symbolism involved in them. Nothing ordinary soul would look into these days until the topic is confronted unavoidably through a class or a show in a museum, which I was lucky enough to take a part of recently.Every Buddhist statue tells a story of its own. Educated person can say where the statue comes from and which time period it comes from just by looking at certain features, which proves the unique developments in eastern art, art that is so confusable and different at the same time. Statues originating from same countries a lot of times are made of the same materials and are decorated in ways that proffer throughout the region. For example there are three major features that characterize the Luang Prabang Buddha in comparison to those of the neighboring countries. The usanisa (cranial protuberance) is always embellished with a stylized flame the ear lobe unusually long is shaped like a snail shell and the urna or divine frontal sign is never represented. There is something unique round the statuary representations of Buddha that sets Buddh...

Buddhism in Sculpture Essay -- essays research papers

Image that is recognized all around the world, name that does not take time call back when that image is seen, a half naked man sitting in a meditative pose - some god, as seen by most people, Buddha is a messenger of internal peace that has as much of a story behind him as Jesus or Allah. Religions iconography and gods represented in sculptures always consecrate a great deal of symbolism involved in them. Nothing ordinary person would look into these days until the topic is confronted unavoidably through a class or a show in a museum, which I was lucky enough to take a part of recently.Every Buddhist statue tells a story of its own. Educated person can say where the statue comes from and which time period it comes from just by looking at certain features, which proves the unique developments in eastern art, art that is so similar and different at the same time. Statues originating from same countries a lot of times are made of the same materials and are alter in ways that trace throughout the region. For example there are three major features that characterize the Luang Prabang Buddha in comparison to those of the neighboring countries. The usanisa (cranial protuberance) is always embellished with a stylized flame the earlobe unusually long is shaped like a snail shell and the urna or divine frontal sign is never represented. There is something unique about the statuary representations of Buddha that sets Buddh...

Capulet Character In Romeo and Juliet Essay

Capulet has had a dramatic change in character over the course of the book. At first, he would not dare see his young daughter get married yet. But he changed and decided that if she did not marry, she would be dis takeed. It is very confuse how this happens, because it is such a dramatic change in such a short period of time. At first, Capulet thinks that Juliet isnt ready for marriage. For he believes that she is too young, straightforward and immature.But saying oer what I have said before.My child is yet a stranger in the world.She hath not seen the change of fourteen years.Let two more summers wither in their prideEre we may think her ripe to be a bride.In this passage from Act I, pic 2, Capulet tells Paris that his daughter is only thirteen years old, and not yet ready to be a bride. He tells him to wait two more summers until shes fully ready to be wed. This shows the caring, fatherly side of Capulet. It shows through, because he is protecting his only child from escaping h er childhood too early, and growing up too fast. He truly loves Juliet. Later in the story, in Act III, Scene 5, his point of view on this topic completely changes. He then concludes that if Juliet does not wed, she give be punished.Ill not wed, I cannot love,I am too young, I pray you, pardon me.But, an you will not wed, Ill pardon you. surf where you will, you shall not house with me.Look to t, think on t, I do not use to jest.Thursday is near. Lay hand on heart, advise.An you be mine, Ill give you to my friend.An you be not, hang, beg, starve, die in the streets,Capulet mocked Juliet saying things that he agreed with in the past, and then threatened to throw her out on the streets if she did not marry. He went from a caring, protective father, to a father who didnt care if his own daughter were to die. His mood change was drastic, and out of the blue. I dont be intimate exactly why his mood changed so suddenly, but I do know it happened, and it went downhill, not uphill.Capulet s mood change was a big routine point in the book, because it triggered Friars new plan, which led to the death of the star-crossed lovers. He went from being loving, and sensitive, to brutal and irrational. He was not consistent and crossed his own words. Lord Capulet had a dramatic character change throughout the story regarding Juliets marriage, and it was not a good one.

Yeast and Fermentation

Dinah Gibson Ms. Lunsford Honors Chemistry 12/6/2011 Abstract barm is widely used for reservation carbohydrate, beer, and wine. battalion all over the world drink and eat those merchandises. This projects looks at which fruit succus with a high circumstances of prick will produce to a greater extent fermentation. The original purpose of this experiment was to determine the follow of fermentation of 3 different fruit juices after adding a certain amount of yeast. By standard the type of fruit juice (independent variable) the amount of fermentation as shown by the reduction of ice lolly (dependent variable).My hypothesis my hypothesis is that the fruit juice with a higher percentage of scrape will produce more fermentation. The experimental results supported my hypothesis by showing that the results indicate that this hypothesis should be accepted, because the orange juice, which had the highest edulcorate content, produced the intimately fermentation. Because of the res ults of this experiment, I wonder if using more yeast would produce more fermentation or if using an otherwise type of juice with two of them mixed together like the cranberry-grape juice, would produce less fermentation.The Effect of Yeast on Different Fruit Juices Question whats the effect of different juice on yeast? Variable The manipulated variable was the type of fruit juice. The responding variable was the amount of fermentation as shown by the reduction of ice lolly. Hypothesis That the fruit juice with a higher percentage of sugar will produce more fermentation. Research Report Introduction Fermentation has been around for a very tenacious time. People have used it for making bread, beer, wine and other products. There have been scientists and chemists who have discovered immature things about fermentation.There be galore(postnominal) types of fermentation including fermentation of fruit juices, malted grain and other sugars. Fermentation Fermentation is a chemical pr ocess that breaks down organic matter. Microbes like bacteria carry out this process. Mold and yeast act upon molasses and mineral salts to create penicillin. Yeast breaks down sugar taken from malted grain and turns it into ethyl inebriant and carbon dioxide gas to make beer. French Scientist Louis Pasteur discovered that microbes ferment beer and wine. Fermentation is also used to make bread, cheese and yogurt.Sometimes fermentation bottom be unhealthy for example milk that has been fermented turns sour. There atomic number 18 1900 other types of fermentation found. Fermentation is also used to make certain drugs, vitamins and some chemicals. kingdom Fungi Fungi are organisms that lack chlorophyll, the green matter that plants use to make their food. Fungi cannot make their own food, instead they absorb it from around them. According to mycologists there are over 100,000 species of kingdom Fungi. Yeasts and other one-celled fungi are too small to be ensuren without a micros cope. Most types can be imposen with the unaided eye.Some of the most common fungi are mildews, molds, mushrooms and plant rusts. Fungi break down complex animal and plant materials into simple compounds. This process of decomposition enriches the soil and makes indwelling substances available to pants in a form they can use. Through decomposition, fungi also return carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, where green plants reuse it to make food. Yeast Yeast is a single celled organism. Yeast is a fungus that exists almost everywhere in nature, including the air. Bakers use yeast to make bread rise. Yeast is used for making beer, wine, and other alcoholic beverages.It consists of masses of microscopic organisms. There are 600 species of yeast, but only a few are used commercially. Yeast grows fast, and it grows best in sugar. Yeast cells reproduce by fission and budding. Bud swelling forms on a yeast cell wall, and then it breaks off to form a new single cell. In the early times yeast w as used for bread, beer, wine and other products. In the 1600s Dutch Scientist Anton Van Leeuwenhoek discovered yeast cells. In 1860 French Scientist Louis Pasteur confirmed that live yeast organisms cause fermentation of beer and wine. How Yeast Is UsedSince yeast fungi lack chlorophyll, yeast relies on other plants to preparation their food. They eat sugar from sources like fruit, grain, nectar and molasses. Yeast cells produce a chemical called enzymes and ferments that break down their food. Some yeast break down sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide gas, this process is called fermentation. Bakers yeast is used as a leavening, a substance that makes bread rise. Sugar is needed for fermentation. Bakers may add sugar to the dough to hasten fermentation. Yeast breaks down sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide gas. A substance in the dough called gluten traps the bubbles from the gas.As the gas bubbles expand, the gluten stretches causing the bread to rise. The alcohol produced by fermentation evaporates when the bread is baking. When being baked, the bread yeast is destroyed. Yeast used in wine acts on the sugar in grapes and other fruits to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide gas through fermentation. Most wines allow the gas to escape into the air. In some champagnes and sparkly wines the gas remains to submit the drinks natural bubbles. Brewers yeast cannot act directly on the grain used for beer, so brewers convert the starch in the grain into sugar by means of a process called malting.Yeast is then added to convert the sugar into alcohol. The gas formed during fermentation is pumped off the beer and then added once more to carbonate it. Yeast is also used for the production of a dietary supplement called single cell protein. Yeast produces large amounts of particular vitamins and is used in the commercial production of vitamins. Yeast used in brewing can absorb and store vitamins from their food. People eat these yeasts as vitamin supplements. Certain yeast fungus can produce large amounts of useful substances such as fat, glycerol, industrial alcohol and various enzymes.The yeast is used in the commercial production of these substances. How Yeast Is make Before the commercial production of yeast in the 1890s, yeast fungi from the air leavened the bread that people baked. Homemakers prepared dough and left it uncovered and yeasts landed on it and began the fermentation process. Later excess yeast from the beer and winemaking industries was used in bread making. This yeast is called barm. When bakers yeast first became an industry, manufacturers grew yeast fungi on malted grain. Today bakers yeast is produced on molasses, which consists mostly of sugar.Bakers yeast is manufactured in two forms, dried grains and moist cakes. Cakes of yeast are make up of live, active cells. Yeast cells in dried grains are live but not active. Dried yeast must be mixed with change water before yeast fungi can grow. Yeast cakes must be refrigerated, but they spoil after about six weeks. Dried yeast doesnt need to be refrigerated but it will last longer. Sugar Green plants produce sugar, but most table sugar comes from sugar cane or beets. Other sources of sugar are cornstarch, milk, maple syrup and honey. Sugar belongs to the class of foods called carbohydrates.Carbohydrates provide energy for plants and animals. There are two kinds of sugar monosaccharaides and disaccharides. Monosaccharaides are the simplest carbohydrates, include glucose and fructose. Glucose is the most important carbohydrate in the blood. Fructose is found in fruits and vegetables. Common disaccharides include lactose and maltose. Lactose is found in milk and is used in the production of some medications. Maltose is formed from starch and it is used in the production of bread and baby food. Summary There are many different things needed for fermentation including, yeast, fruit juice or malted grain, and sugar.Fermentation produces many products like bread , cheese, yogurt, wine and beer. One unhealthy product of fermentation is fermented milk. Material list 16 transparent containers 12g Yeast 25000ml Orange juice 1250ml Apple juice 1250ml Cranberry-grape juice 1 Cylinder 1 gigabyte scale 1 Thermometer PROCEDURES 1. Gather materials. 2. Label quaternion containers OJ control 1, 2, 3 and 4. 3. Label four containers as oj1, oj2, oj3, and oj4. 4. Label four containers as ap1, ap2, ap3, and ap4. 5. Label four containers as cgr1, cgr2, cgr3, and cgr4. 6. tag on 250ml of orange juice to each of the containers labeled OJ control 1, 2, 3 and 4. . Add 250ml of orange juice to each of the containers labeled OJ 1, 2, 3 and 4. 8. Add 250ml of apple juice to each of the containers labeled AP 1, 2, 3 and 4. 9. Add 250ml of cranberry-grape juice to each of the containers labeled cgr 1, 2,3and4. 10. Measure the sugar in each of the juices before adding the yeast, track record results. 11. Add one gram of yeast to each of the containers labeled O J 1, 2, 3, and 4. 12. Add one gram of yeast to each of the containers labeled AP 1, 2, 3, and4. 13. Add one gram of yeast to each of the containers labeled cgr 1, 2, 3, and4. 14. Allow the juice to ferment for 72 hours. 15.Use the brix meter to measure the sugar after the fermentation process, record results. 16. withhold first measurement from the second measurement, record results 17. Compare which fruit juice produced the most fermentation, record results. Data In this graph you can see the amount of sugar in each group for all three trials. It shows that the orange juice and control group contained the most sugar. In this graph you can see the amount of sugar that each group had after fermentation. This shows that all the groups except the control group, lost a lot of sugar. In this graph you can see how much sugar each group lost.It shows that the orange juice contained the most sugar (meaning it produced the most fermentation). Conclusion My hypothesis was that fruit juices w ith a higher percentage of sugar would produce more fermentation The results indicate that this hypothesis should be accepted, because the orange juice, which had the highest sugar content, produced the most fermentation. Because of the results of this experiment, I wonder if using more yeast would produce more fermentation or if using another type of juice with two of them mixed together like the cranberry-grape juice, would produce less fermentation.My findings should be useful to wineries because I found that the juices I used produced a large amount of fermentation therefore might make good wine. If I were to give birth this project again I would do more trials, do a replication of the entire experiment, use more varieties of juices and use a better manner of measurement. Bibliography Fermentation. Utah State University Intermountain Herbarium. Web. 26 Oct. 2011. . Yeast Fermentation. NEWTON, Ask a Scientist at Argonne National Labs Web. 27 Oct. 2011. lthttp//www. newton. de p. anl. gov/askasci/mole00/mole00195. htm. Katz, Sandor Ellix. Wild Fermentation the Flavor, Nutrition, and Craft of Live-culture Foods. White River Junction, VT Chelsea Green Pub. , 2003. Print. Acknowledgements I would like to thank the following people. Without their help, my project would not have been possible My mom for getting all of my materials needed and helping me with the broad design. My Honors Chemistry instructor (Ms. Lunsfords) for helping me understand the concept of fermentation. My Aunt for getting me a Brix Meter from her job.

Practices of Leadership contribute to managing sustainability Essay

In this essay I result undergo a critical argument that expresses at that place be practices of lead which contribute to managing sustainability of a commercial enterprise in the post-bureaucratic era. The process of directing, controlling, motivating, and inspiring staff toward the realization of stated cheekal goals (Cleg, Kornberger & Pitsis 2011). The decisions that are made by steering or drawing cards can get effects on the buwickednesssses reputation hence whether the organization wants to maximise profits or place an emphasis on the honest decisions made portraying the idea the decisions made may be legal but is it respectable. In section one through Cameron, Bright & Caza (2004) and others I volition explain how individual virtuousness expands to organizational virtuousness which is influenced by leadership, and is therefore expressed through the nature of the business.Further on I will examine the link amid the influences of religion, ethical values, age and g ender to the variations within levels of relativism and idealism to the trait leadership theory which influences a leaders decision devising in relation to ethical issues to a original extent. through Stubbs & Cocklin (2008) and others I am able to analyse how the leaders mainly conscious leaders, within the business initi in ally drove the changes through the emphasis on concept of stakehageds within the business to incorporate a sustainability business model. indeed it is unequivocal that practices of leadership develop and nurture certain aspect of creating a sustainable business, whether it be ethical decisions or stakeholders over shareholders.through and through Cameron, Bright and Caza studies explore how organizational death penalty is related and linked to virtuousness within the organization. Therefore highlighting how leadership practices affect the outcomes and actions that the business will take in relation to their ethical decisions. such(pre nary(prenominal)inal ) studies express the differences within leadership practices and attitudes affect how they can lead to different actions taken within the business. Timberlands CEO, Jeffrey Schwartz stated If we dont make money, no follow of virtue will do our firm any good. Wall Street will ignore us,and we will soon be out of business. We must necessitate bottom line performance for virtuousness in our firm to be taken seriously (Cameron, Bright & Caza, 2004, p 770).Therefore this highlights that the idea of virtuousness in certain organizations have no benefit if there are no pragmatic outcomes, reinforcing the idea of a classical business theory to maximise profits. then highlighting an authentic post-bureaucratic leadership where there is pressure on enhancing performance within the business and less emphasis on virtues in comparison to a conscious leadership. However the conscious leadership aspect highlights the notion of integrity and virtue which is therefore expressed through the virtu ousness idea of providing an amplifying affect. love, empathy, awe, zest, and enthusiasm . . . the sine qua non of managerial success and organizational excellence (Fineman 1996, p 545).This notion expresses the idea that an emphasis on integrity and emotional intelligence portrayed by the leader can lead to improved cognitive functioning, enhanced decision fashioning and quality relationships between organizational members. Hence through a conscious leadership perspective i.e. an individual virtuousness will then expand throughout the organization, creating organization virtuousness. The central meaning of virtuousness is not the same concept of ethics or corporate social responsibility, but is simply an extension. The entire organization is influenced positively when virtuousness is displayed, especially by individuals in leadership positions (George 1995, p 130).Therefore it is evident that different practices of leadership will either adopt practices of virtuality. However it is difficult to manage to effects of the outcome as leaders can have different standards, ..,who decides what is good outcome, for whom (Wray-Bliss 2007). Depending on the leaders attitude they may adopt practices depending if there are skilful profit outcomes or if it creates a positive organizational environment which will increase business benefits in the longer run i.e. managing the business sustainability decisions.Through studies conducted by Fernando, Dharmage and Almedia we are able to understand the link between decisions made by a leader and how it is influenced to a certain extent by the idea of the trait leadership theory. However it is evident that ethical values, age, religion and gender to thevariations within levels of relativism and idealism i.e. the traits of a leader create different standards of ethical decisions within an organization. Forsyths perception on idealism subscribe that desirable consequences can, with the right action, always be obtained (Forsyth 1980, p. 176).Relativism on the other hand is defined by Forsyth as the extent to which an individual rejects habitual moral rules (Forsyth 1980, p. 175). Through Karande et al I was able to observe that models of ethical decision-making posit that organizational factors, such as an organizations ethical values influence a managers ethical decision-making (Ferrell and Gresham, 1985 p 3). It is evident that the trait leadership theory has an effect on this idea to a certain extent i.e. religion. Through studies conducted it is evident that religion had a high effect on the leaders decisions, which is highlighted through Hunt and Vitell A priori, compared with non spiritual people, one might suspect that the highly religious people would have more clearly defined deontological norms and that such norms would play a stronger role in ethical judgments (Fernando, Dharmage & Almeida 1993, p. 780).Therefore highlighting the idea that a leader (that has characteristics of the trait theory ) with a perspective in religion will have more incorporation of Corporate Ethical Sustainability within the decisions they make in their organization. It is evident that age plays a role in the decisions that leaders make, the older in age the more life experiences which causes moral development. Hall stated that older the managers tend to be exposed to a variety of ethical problems and become more sensitive to the harm that ethical transgressions can do to the organization and its stakeholders (Hall 1976, p 148). Therefore highlighting that a leaders age is negatively related to relativism, hence the older a leader is take into consideration universal moral rules. However there are certain aspects such as gender that doesnt play a major role in ethical decision making, as gender isnt significantly related to both idealism and relativism. From this study it highlights the importance of leaderships traits i.e. age, religion when they are making ethical decisions internally and exter nally of their organization.Through the study conducted by Cocklin and Stubs it is evident that a conscious leader is able to have an effect and change the organization bothinternally and externally i.e. understanding the importance of the stakeholders within the organization. The notion that organizations previously focused on profitability i.e. the shareholders importance has decreased to a certain extent in comparison to the stakeholders of the company, hence expressing the power that leadership has in modifying the idea of utilitarianism. It is evident that the conscious leader highlights the importance of the stakeholders, hence visionary CEOs will push the sustainability agenda throughout organizations and stakeholder networkssustainability becomes more embedded in the organizational structure and culture (Cocklin & Stubs 2008, p 123).This highlights the idea that a sustainable business with a humble leader will adopt a stakeholder perspective, emphasising the idea that an org anizations success is intimately linked to success of their stakeholders rather than the shareholders. It is evident that companies such as boom petroleum highlight their importance on their stakeholders, and believe that engaging correct ethical decision making towards stakeholders will be more profitable and reactive in the long run, We remain convinced that engaging with stakeholders and integrating social and environmental considerations better throughout the lifetime of our projects makes us a more responsive, rivalrous and profitable company, in the long and short term.(Knights & Wilmott, 2007 p. 4) Through Mackeys article it highlights the differences between a conscious business and corporate social responsibility. emphasis on conscious business on higher purpose, stakeholder interdependence, conscious leadership and conscious culture apart from corporate social responsibility (Mackey 2011, p 5).These differences are operate by a conscious leader which affects the decisi ons that one may make i.e. they focus on reconciling caring and profitable through higher synergies in comparison to CSR decisions are focused on adding ethical and financial burden to business goals. However through data produced by OToole and Vogel it was evident that their there was the idea to treat all stakeholders equally and fairly. This idea is quite uncontrollable and unrealistic hence Mackey stated that it would be impossible for a conscious leader to achieve anything like this. Hence there is the notion that there will be conflicts between stakeholders, which may cause unethical decisions made by the management. It is evident that the conscious leader has enhanced the idea ofthe stakeholders theory which has evolved from the idea of utilitarianism.It is evident that practices of leadership have an effect in the development and management of ethics and CSR. Through the articles I was able to analyse the effects that CEOs have on their own organization in decision making, w hether variables such as age, religion etc have an influence in the ethical decisions that are made by the leaders. The emphasis of a conscious leadership business portrayed the beneficial longer term benefits for the business when stakeholders are seen as the center rather than shareholders.Reference ListCameron, K.S., Bright, D. & Caza, A. 2004, Exploring the relationships between organizational virtuousness and performance, American behavioural Scientist, vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 766-90.Clegg, S.R., Kornberger, M. & Pitsis, T. 2012, Managing and organizations An introduction to theory and practice, 3rd edn, Sage, London.Fernando, M., Dharmage, S. & Almeida, S. 2008, Ethical ideologies of senior Australian managers An empirical study, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 145P55.Ferrell, O. C. and L. G. Gresham 1985, A Contingency cloth for savvy Ethical Decision Making in Marketing, Journal of Marketing 49, 8796.Fineman, S. (1996). Emotion and organizing. In S. R. Clegg, C . Hardy, & W. R. Nord (Eds.), The handbook of organizational studies (pp. 543-564). London Sage.Forsyth, D. R. 1980, A Taxonomy of Ethical Ideologies, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39(1), 175184.George, J. M. (1995). Leader positive mood and group performance The case ofcustomer service. Journal of use Social Psychology, 25, 778-794.Hall, E. T. 1976, Beyond Culture (Anchor Books, Doubleday, Garden City, NY). Knights, D. & Wilmott, H. 2007, Introducing organisational behaviour and management, Thomson, Australia.Mackey, J. 2011, What conscious capitalism really is, California Management Review, vol. 53, no.3, pp. 83-90.Stubbs, W. & Cocklin, C. 2008, Conceptualizing a sustainability business model, Organization & Environment, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 103-27.Wray P Bliss, E. 2007, Ethics in work, in D. Knights & H. Willmott (eds), Introducing organizational behaviour and management, Thomson Learning, pp. 506-33.Reflective responseArgumentFrom the feedback I received I postula teed to check into that all my points within my essay correlated and linked from one aspect to anther critiquing what changes had occurred instead of describing the leadership practices. In appointment 2 I ensured that I exactly critiqued and I ensured that my main points flowed and related to the question.Organisation and StructureAssignment 1 my flow of my arguments were not effective they jumped from one point to another, hence in the Assignment 2 I ensured that my essay structure related cohesively so one can read and understand the flow and my main points.CritiqueI didnt score very high in this section as I described the practices of leadership in too much detail. In essay 2 I ensured that I didnt describe the ideas because the reader already understand the practices I had to critique the ideas, and ensure that I did only describe to the very minimum.Understanding and ContentI scored quite well I feel I grasped a pretty good understanding of the lectures and the readings. How ever for assignment 2 I ensured I used more readings and based my arguments from the readings and lectures that I had analysed.Academic EnglishI made some of my sentences to complicated when they could have been cut down to marginal words. In assignment 2 I ensured that I went straight to the point without any extra words.ReferencesI wasnt very confident on referencing in assignment 1. For assignment 2 I went onto uts library and it showed me how to reference properly for every type of media.Formatting and presentationI didnt follow all the formatting procedures for essay 1. For assignment 2 I went to the assignment guideline and followed all the steps and even went to the rubric and saw what additional formatting need to take place.

System Administrator

Internet Mini Case 10 Intel Corporation J. David Hunger In 1968, Robert N. Noyce, the co-inventor of the integrated circuit, and Gordon E. Moore leave Fairchild Semiconductor International to clay a recent connection. They took with them a young chemical engineer, Andrew woodlet, and called the new degraded Intel, short for integrated electronics. The company successfully make money by manufacturing computing device memory modules. The company produced the first microprocessor (also called a chip) in 1971. A key turning point for the new company was IBMs decision in the early 1980s to select Intels processors to run IBMs new line of personal computers.Today, more than 80% of the worlds PCs run on Intel microprocessors. One of the companys early innovations was centralizing its manufacturing in giant chip fabrication plants. This allowed Intel to make chips at a lower cost than its competitors who made custom chips in small factories. The founders encouraged a corporate polish of disagree and commit in which engineers were encouraged to constantly think of new ways of doing things faster, cheaper, and more reliably. Massive investment by Japanese competitors in the late 1970s led to falling prices in computer memory modules.Faced with possible bankruptcy, chief operating officer Moore, with Grove as his second in command (Noyce had retired from active management), made the strategic decision in 1985 to abandon the computer memory business to tenseness on microprocessors. Projected step-up in microprocessors was based on Moores prediction that the number of transistors on a chip would double every 24 months. In what was soon called Moores Law, Gordon Moore argued that microprocessor technology would improve exponentially, regardless of the state of the economy, the perseverance, or any one company.Thus, a company had to be at the folder of innovation or risk falling bum. According to Moore, If you lag behind your competition by a generation, you dont just fall behind in chip performance, you get undercut in cost. ______________________________________________________________________________ This case was prepared by Professor J. David Hunger, Iowa State University and St. Johns University. Copyright 2006 by J. David Hunger. The right of first publication holder is solely responsible for case content.Reprint permission is solely granted to the publisher, Prentice-Hall, for the books Strategic Management and Business Policy11th Edition (and the International displacement of this book) and Cases in Strategic Management and Business Policy11th Edition, by the copyright holder, J. David Hunger. Any other publication of the case (translation, any form of electronics or other media) or sale (any form of partnership) to another publisher will be in violation of copyright law, unless J. David Hunger has granted an additional indite permission.Sources available upon request. Reprinted by permission. To raise money, Intels management agreed to sell 12% of the companys stock to IBM for $250 million, a stake it later repurchased. Moores Law soon became part of the corporate culture as a fundamental expectation of all employees. Andy Grove replaced Gordon Moore as Intels chief executive officer in 1987. Moore keep to serve on Intels board of directors until 2001. During Groves tenure as chief executive officer from 1987 to 1998, Intels stock price rose 31. 6% annually and revenues grew from $1. 9 billion to $25. 1 billion.With 55% of its sales coming from outside the United States, Intel was transformed into a global corporation. The company became central to the growth of personal computers, cell phones, genomic research, and computer-aided design. Strategic Decisions Lead to Market Dominance IN ORDER TO SUCCEED IN THIS HIGH-TECH BUSINESS, MANAGEMENT WAS FORCED TO MAKE A NUMBER OF RISKY STRATEGIC DECISIONS. FOR EXAMPLE, INTELS BOARD OF DIRECTORS FOUND IT DIFFICULT TO VOTE FOR A aim IN THE EARLY 1990S TO COMMI T $5 BILLION TO MAKING THE PENTIUM MICROPROCESSOR head for the hillsFIVE TIMES THE touchstone NEEDED FOR ITS PREVIOUS CHIP.IN LOOKING BACK ON THAT BOARD MEETING, THEN- chief executive officer ANDY GROVE REMARKED, I consider PEOPLES EYES LOOKING AT THAT CHART AND GETTING BIG. I WASNT EVEN SURE I BELIEVED THOSE NUMBERS AT THE TIME. THE PROPOSAL COMMITTED THE COMPANY TO BUILDING NEW FACTORIESSOMETHING INTEL HAD BEEN RELUCTANT TO DO. A WRONG DECISION WOULD MEAN THAT THE COMPANY WOULD END UP WITH A KILLING AMOUNT OF OVERCAPACITY. BASED ON GROVES PRESENTATION, THE BOARD DECIDED TO TAKE THE GAMBLE. INTELS RESULTING MANUFACTURING EXPANSION eventual(prenominal)LY COST $10 BILLION, BUT RESULTED IN INTELS DOMINATION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR BUSINESS AND HUGE CASH PROFITS.In 1994, soon after(prenominal) the introduction of the Pentium microprocessor, users noticed a small defect in the chip and began demanding replacement chips. The company soon fixed the problem and quickly sent their comput er-maker customers new Pentium chips to replace the defective ones. Even though Intel had no obligation to deal directly with shoemakers last users, the people to whom the computer makers sold their PCs, Grove and the board decided to replace all defective Pentium chips wherever they might be. This was an expensive decision, provided one for which the firm received high praise throughout the industry.Realizing that future development of microprocessors would involve RISC technologya technology Intel did not then haveCEO Grove persuaded Hewlett-Packards CEO in 1994 to combine HPs work in RISC technology with Intels ability in production development. This joint venture took on the multibillion-dollar expense of creating 64-bit chip architecturethought to be crucial to Intels continued success. Along with Bill Gates at Microsoft and Steve Jobs at Apple, Andy Grove had become a major figure in the computer industry at the dawn of the 21st century.Although Grove retired as CEO in 1998 , he continued to serve until 2005 as Intels Chairman of the Board. Like Noyce and Moore before him, Grove took on the mantle of corporate guru. His 1996 book, Only the paranoid Survive, in which Grove described how companies should deal with new competitors that emerge suddenly and change the fundamental shape of the industry, was widely read. Even with no official title, Grove continued to serve the company as its senior adviser. Intel After Andy Grove A New Strategic Direction CRAIG BARRETT REPLACED ANDY GROVE AS INTELS CEO FROM 1998 TO 2005.HE WAS ABLE TO PERSUADE THE BOARD IN 2002 TO INVEST $28 BILLION IN THE LATEST MANUFACTURING PLANTS AND TECHNOLOGIES DURING THE LONGEST DOWNTURN IN THE CHIP INDUSTRYS HISTORY. THE BOARD HAD BEEN WORRIED THAT NEW PLANTS COULD BURDEN THE INTEL WITH OVERCAPACITY IF DEMAND FAILED TO MATERIALIZE. BY 2005, FIVE FACTORIES WERE ABLE TO MAKE 21? 2 TIMES MORE CHIPS THAN THE OLDER-GENERATION FABRICATION PLANTS1. 25 MILLION CHIPS DAILY. BECAUSE OF THE HU GE COST TO BUILD THIS TYPE OF PLANT, RIVALS TI, AMD, AND IBM EACH HAD ONLY ONE PLANT OF THIS ADVANCED TYPE IN 2006.TI CONCEDED THAT ITS CAPACITY TO PRODUCE THE LATEST-TECHNOLOGY CHIPS WAS hold in TO ONLY 250,000 PER DAY. During Barretts tenure, the company also invested billions of dollars in businesses outside the computer market that largely failed. In 2001, the firm exited from making cameras and other consumer electronics gear after key customers Dell and Hewlett-Packard (HP) complained that Intel was competing against them. In 2002, Intel took a $100 million charge against earnings when it cancelled its entry into Web hosting.In 2004, Intel attempted to go after Texas Instruments with its version of digital signal processors, a key ingredient in cell phones. Unfortunately, cell-phone manufacturers ignored Intels product in favor of those by TI. Industry analysts reason out that Intel had a steep learning curve outside of personal computers. Even with this checkered history ou tside the PC business, in 2004 CEO Barrett launched an ambitious strategic move. Instead of Intel inner(a), the plan was to be Intel Everywhere. Under the new strategic plan, Intel would offer chips that would be used in all sorts of applications, including PCs, cell phones, flat-panel TVs, portable video players, tuner home networking, and medical diagnostic equipment. The company targeted 10 new product areas for its chips, primarily in the consumer electronics and communications markets. This plan was based on the movement in multiple industries from an analog to a digital format. According to Barrett, Communication is going digital. Entertainment is going digital. We are able to bring our expertise into different areas where we very had no unique capability before. Supporting this announcement, Intel introduced a chip based on a new technology called WiMax that could be used to deliver fast wireless Internet access throughout a small city for about $100,000, one-tenth the co st of fiber-optic lines. Competition Heats Up MEANWHILE, INTELS PC CHIP BUSINESS WAS RUNNING INTO SOME DIFFICULTY. WHEN, IN 2004, INTEL AND HEWLETT-PACKARD RELEASED THE ITANIUM SERVER CHIP THEY HAD sound outLY DEVELOPED THREE YEARS EARLIER, CRITICS CALLED IT THE ITANIC. DELIVERED TWO YEARS LATE AT A COST OF $2 BILLION, THE 64-BIT CHIP PERFORMED MORE SLOWLY THAN INTELS OWN 32-BIT CHIP AND SEEMED TO HAVE NO FUTURE.IN FEBRUARY 2004, CEO BARRETT ANNOUNCED THAT THE COMPANY WOULD RECONFIGURE ITS 32-BIT XEON CHIP FOR SERVERS AND ITS PENTIUM 4 FOR DESKTOPS SO THAT THEY COULD HANDLE 64-BIT APPLICATIONS. UNFORTUNATELY, ADVANCED MICRO DEVICES (AMD) HAD ALREADY BEGUN SELLING ITS OPTERON SERVER CHIP IN APRIL 2003. THE OPTERON HAD THE CAPABILITY OF RUNNING BOTH 32-BIT AND 64-BIT APPLICATIONS. SURPRISINGLY, INTELS JOINT VENTURE PARTNER HP DECIDED TO SELL SERVERS WITH AMDS OPTERON CHIP ALONG WITH INTELS PRODUCTS. BY DECEMBER 2003, AMD HAD OBTAINED 3. 9% OF THE MAINSTREAM SERVER MARKET AND WAS fe tching AIM AT THE PC MARKET AS WELL.Since 2003, AMDs chips had been faster, used less power, generated less heat, and cost less than did Intels. As a result, Intels plowshare of the market in servers fell from almost 100% in 2001 to less than 85% in 2006. Its market share in laptop PCs declined from 88% in 2001 to 86% in 2006. Its share in desktops also dropped from 80% in 2000 to 74% in 2006. Dell, the biggest PC maker in terms of sales, decided in May 2006 to abandon its policy of only using Intel chips in its PCs by offering AMD chips in its computer servers. This was a serious blow to Intels continued dominance of the market.AMD was able to make a significant dent in Intels market share by focusing its limited resources on microprocessors for PCs and servers and let others supply the remaining chips. When Intel ran into a parts shortage for its desktop PCs in December 2005, AMD quickly dispatched its sales people to fill the void. AMD-based desktop PCs began to dominate the she lves at Best Buy, Circuit City, and other stores. By mid-2006, AMD held a 26% share of the U. S. server chip market and a 48% share of the multi-core processors, which put at least two chips on a single piece of silicon.As a result, AMDs gross margin of 58. 6% exceeded Intels of 55. 1% during the first dirt of 2006. In response, Intel began offering the first in a family of revamped chips called Core 2. These chips used less energy while offering better performance. Intrigued by AMDs success, industry analysts wondered if AMD would be able to continue offering innovative products without succumbing to the supply problems that had dogged it in the past. Reinventing the Company IN MAY 2005, CRAIG BARRETT TRANSFERRED THE CEO POSITION TO PAUL OTELLINI AND BECAME moderate OF THE BOARD.PAST-PRESIDENT OF INTEL UNDER BARRETT, OTELLINI CONTINUED BARRETTS STRATEGIC DECISION TO PUSH THE COMPANY INTO MULTIPLE FIELDS WITH NEW CHIP PLATFORMS. PC GROWTH WAS SLOWING. CELLULAR AND handheld DEVICE S WERE NOW COMPETING FOR THE PRIMARY SPOT IN PEOPLES LIVES. OTELLINI AGREED THAT HE MUST REINVENT INTEL OR FACE A FUTURE OF EVENTUAL DECLINE. THE PC BUSINESS APPEARED TO HAVE REACHED MATURITY. REVENUE GROWTH HAD AVERAGED 13% FROM 2002 TO 2005, BUT ANALYSTS WERE ESTIMATING THAT THE COMPANYS SALES WOULD ONLY GROW 7% IN 2006 TO $42. BILLION. PROFITS, WHICH HAD BEEN change magnitude ON AVERAGE 40% ANNUALLY FROM 2002 TO 2005, WERE EXPECTED TO RISE ONLY 5% IN 2006 TO $9. 5 MILLION. Ortellini proposed that Intel should not just make PC microprocessors, but should also create many types of chips, as well as software, and then combine them into what he called platforms. Since taking over as CEO, Ortellini had reorganized the company, created business units for all(prenominal) product area, and scattered the processor experts among the units. He added 20,000 people in 2005. Note Intels annual and quarterly reports and SEC filings are available via the companys web site at www. intel. com. ) Paul Ortellini was the first non-engineer to serve as Intels CEO. He put particular emphasis on marketing because he thought that the only way Intel could succeed in new markets was by communicating more clearly what technology could do for customers. This went contrary to the corporate culture in which engineers had been the key players who made ever-faster chips and then let marketers try to sell them.Ortellini created development teams with people having a cross-section of skills. Chip engineers, software developers, marketers, and market specialists today worked together to develop breakthrough innovations. Many engineers were frustrated with the changes and their loss in status. Some of the design specialists who had been working on the Pentium 4 before it was cancelled left Intel for jobs at TI or AMD. Ortellinis ultimate goal was to provide the manufacturers of everything from laptops and entertainment PCs to cell phones and hospital gear with complete packages of chips an d software.The old logo of Intel Inside was to disappear, replaced by an updated Intel logo with a swirl to signify movement and a tagline of Leap Ahead. Meanwhile, the Pentium brand was to be slowly phased out and replaced by Viiv, Centrino, and Core. Intel was on a new path. It was leaving the Grove era behind and moving into uncharted territory. This was not the first time that the company had bet everything on a new strategy. Would Intel succeed with its new strategic direction?

Confessions of an Economic Hitman

Confessions of an Economic Hit man privy Perkins The reasons as to why I selected this book was heavily weighted on my personal interests. The fact that I am interested in matters of scotchs, imperialism, capitalism and deception and corruption on a regimen level, made reviewing Confessions of an economic hit man an enjoy qualified experience. For them, this is a war about the survival of their children and cultures, while for us it is about power, money and natural resources.It is one part of the struggle for rearing domination and the dream of a few greedy men, spheric conglomerate. (prologue) If confessions of an economic Hit man had to be summarised in a sentence, the character reference above should give you the subscriber briefly a general inquest into or so of the main topics of discussion in the book. The author ( seat Perkins) describes in great depth the conflicts of interests between the developed and the developing world whilst integrating his animateness jour ney as part of a riveting and gripping novel.The book begins in the 1960s and the author gives a personal account of his life, family and education threw bank 1971, the year in which John Perkins became an Economic Hit man. Confessions of an economic Hit man tells a tale of how John Perkins amongst others wiretaped anoint export countries much(prenominal) as Ecuador, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Venezuela and Indonesia further to name a few name calling, in order for them to become indebted to the United States of the States. John Perkins goes into grave contingent in explaining how America has become probably the close powerful political and economic force in the world.The elements of genius and deception mixed with the strategic approaches of the so called economic hit men (EHMs) gives an insight as to how these oil rich countries become indebted to the powerhouses of America such(prenominal) as the large applied science corporations, banks, CEOs and politicians. In order to expl ain how EHMs go about their work, the author has chosen to make references to the Mafia, through these references it can be understood incisively how these strategies where implemented in to helping the American economy grow according to the views, expressions and experiences of John Perkins. Like our counterparts in the mafia EHMs provide favors. These take the forms of loans to develop infrastrucure electrical generating plants, highways, ports airports or industrial parks. (prolouge) EHMs pronounce the idea of taking out large loans to the leaders of some of the countries named previously. The main intention of providing countries these inflated loans, is in the end for these countries to disrespect on the loan payments and in turn to be indebted to the USA.An Copernican part of the process was making sure the infrastructure that was to be built, was built by American engineering firms such as MAIN, which John Perkins initially worked for. This factor was important as a lar ge sum of the loan was instantly injected put up in to the American economy via the engineering firms. If the EHMs are completely successful and the default on the loan payments occurs (which it inevitably will) then as the author puts it so well when this happens, then like the mafia we demand our pound of flesh (prologue).As a result America often try to command some of the following control over United Nations votes, the installation of military bases, or access to resources such as oil. Thus a country has been added to the global empire. The author tries to name what is wrong with the strategic decisions existence made by the American government, himself and other economic hit men in the past by showing the consequences the strategic decisions have. Not only on the ones who reap the benefits from these decisions but of those who are affected negatively.An example of this is how the indigenous peck of Ecuador were affected by the oil companies invading the very environments i n which those people live and the destruction of cultures, habitats, wildlife and the people of Ecuador who lived in such areas. To give another example as to what is wrong with the strategic decisions made in the past in regards to the admirer, the Mafia reference can be referred to once again. Mafia bosses often start out as thoroughfare thugs. But over epoch, the ones who make it to the top transform their appearance.They take to wearing impeccably tailored suits and owning legitimate businesses. They are quick to lend money to those in desperate straits They appear to be model citizens. However beneath this patina is a trail of argumentation (page 139) Using the mafia analogy it is clear to diagnose what is wrong with the strategic decisions that have been made in the past and are still being made now in regards to, how governments and EHMs leave behind trails of blood just as Mafia bosses can in order to carry out their business.But the model citizens who are in disguise s uch as EHMs are seen in a completely different light in that to crime lords. Many strategies have been devised by empires over centuries, these strategies and decisions have helped shape the world as it is in its present state. The author explains how strategic decisions made in the past were the wrong decisions in his opinion, as John Perkins had seen first hand the demolition that could be caused by the American government in its pursuit for a global empire.An example of this is how in the 1960s, a secernate strategy was being implemented by the world governments. This was the switch from neoclassical economics to Keynesian economics. In America this switch happened under the reigns of presidents Kennedy and Johnson. The switch to Keynesian economics meant that the government would play a major role in managing markets and in regards to welfare health, unemployment, compensation and other forms of welfare. This now meant that government intervention was at an all time high.The a uthor explains how a one Robert McNamara who at the time was the secretary of defense and then went on to become the president of the World Bank, had the single most important influence on the switch to Keynesian economics. McNamara became a strong advocate of a Keynesian approach to government, using mathematical models and statistical approaches to determine wad levels, allocation of funds, and other strategies. His advocacy of aggressive leadership became a hallmark not only of government managers but also of corporate executives.It formed the instauration of a saucily philosophical approach to teaching management at the nations top business schools, and it ultimately led to a new breed of CEOs who would spearhead the rush to global empire. (page 79) The author goes on to stress the importance of such an event and how the decisions which lead up to Robert McNamara becoming the president of the most powerful bank in the world. The strategic decision of developing and switching to Keynesian economics which lead to the World Bank becoming an agent in the global empire was described by the author as Robert McNamaras greatest and most sinister contribution to hi bill. page 79) Another key Strategic decision made in 1975 this time by John Perkins was one which shaped global economics at the time. It was that of an innovative approach to economic forecasting originally formed by a Russian mathematician. This was the Markhov method of economic modeling. The strategic decision made by the protagonist in this sequel John Perkins was one that would affect entire societies. Of course as explained before a EHMs role was to land large loans upon the shoulders of countries which would not be capable to open up the repayment of these loans. It was exactly what we wanted a tool that scientifically proved we were doing countries a favour by helping them incur debts they would never be able to pay off. In addition, only a highly skilled econometrician with lots of time a nd money would possibly comprehend the intricacies of markhov or question its conclusions. (page 102) unitedly with the help of a Dr Nadipuram Prasad, John Perkins presented Markhov as a revolutionary method for forecasting investment on infrastructure. Now backed with facts and figures, EHMs such as John Perkins became very successful at what they did.This shows what was fundamentally wrong with USA at the time as the implementation of such devious strategy was used to exploit countries who had lesser knowledge economically and who were desperate to have a high flying economy like that of the US and also emulate some of the US infrastructure, such as shopping malls and airports. The author tries to make it fundamentally clear that the strategic decisions made by himself and the American government were wrong in every sense of the imagination.The author paints men such as George Bush, George Shultz and Robert McNamara with the same brush. He believes under their regimes people like himself were pawns in a game in which such men wanted the result to be an america that controlled the world and all its resources, a world that answered to the commands of that america, a U. S military that would enforce rules as they were written by america, and an international trade and banking system that supported america as CEO of the global empire. (page 155)Through the experiences of the protagonist and the guilt that was felt through such a personal journey John Perkins makes his confessions clear but also tries to lead the commentator into new strategic directions and influence society along the way. John Perkins essentially admits to feeling regret for some of his actions but through his writings he tried to correct some of his past mistakes as he aims to indoctrinate a new generation on some of the corruption which shapes all of our futures. Most importantly this story must be told because today, for the first time in history, one nation has the ability, the money a nd the power t change all this.It is the nation where I was born and the one I served as an EHM the United States of America (page 219) An example of this is how John Perkins makes references and implications as to how the most powerful firms in the world have at their disposal, quite essentially the power and money to change global problems such as starvation and common diseases. the big corporations, banks and government bureaucracies that threaten the republic could be used instead to institute fundamental changes in the world. such institutions possess the communications networks and transportation systems necessary to end disease, starvation, and even wars if they could only be convinced to take that course. page 128) To this example, John Perkins mentions it on numerous make but this quotation would best sum up how John Perkins tries to influence the reader on reviewing new strategic directions. John Perkins does not only travail to influence entire societies or countries as shown with the previous examples but he also attempts to interact with the reader.In the epilogue John Perkins interacts with the reader and attempts to influence the reader in implementing new strategies in their lives in an attempt to make a difference on some of the issues discussed in this book review. An example of this is where John Perkins states so the burden falls on to you to see the truth beneath the veneer and to expose it. Speak to your family and friends spread the word. (page 221). In regard to this John Perkins attempts to influence peoples day to day lives, from downsizing homes, wardrobes cars and to even consider meditation instead of shopping.He then goes on to mention household brand names such as Nike, McDonalds and Coca Cola in a clear attempt to influence the reader that these organizations have the ability to make their primary goals to dress out and feed the worlds poorest. John Perkins almost pushes the idea of equality on the reader as he uses his s trong beliefs to try and make the reader consider new strategic directions as strategy after all is not just something that is implemented on a business level but something that can be implemented in ones life.My opinion of this novel is that I have found it to be enthralling and the argument the protagonist makes is a very convincing and detailed one. It is clear to see that the feelings of the protagonist are extremely strong. So, however strong his argument, one must consider that the story is that of one mans opinion and in all probability, possibly biased. The main argument the protagonist makes is that of one that takes me back to the very first quotation I had used from the book, that of greedy men, and global empire and how it is shaping the world and how essentially things must change.An example of why the story of John Perkins could be found so convincing is an example of todays current economic climate. The greed of the some of the worlds largest banks has lead to a reces sion in which very few may have predicted. This recession has of course caused many of us to struggle. I believe steps could have been taken to stop this if such high levels of deception were not amongst the CEOs and corporate leaders of some of the worlds leading financial institutions.As I do find the protagonists story and argument convincing I do not agree with it, as in a time of extreme capitalism and globalization many of us are powerless to stop events described in the novel and a current example of todays recession from happening. boilers suit the book was a more than an interesting read and possibly an eye opener to many who do not have knowledge or sympathy of some of the views expressed in the book. So I would not hesitate to recommend this to anyone who takes similar interest into economics, imperialism and government corruption as I have. parole Count 2028

Fast food restaurant Essay

The pace of modern life is tumultuous, and nowhere is it closelyer than in America. We want fast transportation, fast communication, fast computers, fast photos, fast music, fast repairs, and fast service from the businesses we patronize. It is from the last of these that we got fast fodder. At first, it was a matter of fast service. Fountain and Fast nutrient Service was the title of a trade time, which print st swal deplorable upments like this from 1951 The partners have become old hands at spotting the type of conventi cardinaler that will patronize their fast aliment service. Gradu anyy service disappe ard, and in 1954 we bob up fast food by itself in the title Fountain and Fast Food. Incidentally, the trade magazine renamed itself Fast Food by 1960. In February of that year, the magazine noted, Delicate scallops are really fast food beca white plague they come ready to cook. And in July it remarked, Fast food type eaterys do the lions portion of business for breakf ast and noon meals eaten out. The fast food revolution was a quick success throughout the land, and two decades later it was conquering the world.The U. S.outcry against infiltration from the conspiracy is matched in vehemence by our neighbors outcry against fast-food imperialism and the gradual Americanization of their own societies. noted the Christian Science Monitor in 1982. Thanks to fast food, families that formerly ate home cooking now eat out or bring back take-home fast food in record numbers. Its virtue is speed, not quality. Its less than ideal nutritional value may have influenced the coining of some other term twenty years later, one that as well as puts a four-letter epithet in front of food junk food (1973). Gale encyclopedia of US History Fast FoodTop.Home Library History, Politics & Society US History Encyclopedia Fast food is what one eats in the vast studyity of Americas restaurants. The term denotes speed in both food readying and customer service, as well as speed in customer eating habits. The restaurant attention, however, has traditionally preferred the designation quick service. For hourly take earnerswhether factory hands or store clerkstake-out lunch wagons and sit-down lunch counters appeared at factory gates, streetcar stops, and throughout downtown di fixeds in the late 19th century.For travelers, lunch counters also appeared in railroad stations nationwide. deep-fried food prevailed for its speed of preparation, as did prepare furtheste and other fixings that could be held in the hand and fastly eaten, quite literally, on the run. Novelty foods, such as hot dogs, burgers, french fries, came to dominate, first favouriteized at various worlds fairs and at the nations resorts. Soft drinks and ice cream desserts also became a mainstay. Thus, fast food also came to imply diets high in fat and caloric intake.By the end of the twentieth century, the typical American consumed some three hamburgers and four orders o f french fries a week. Roughly a quarter of all Americans bought fast food both day. The rise of automobile ownership in the United States brought profound change to the restaurant exertion, with fast food macrocosm offered in a variety of have intercourse restaurant stages. Mom-and-pop enterprise was harnessed, largely through franchising, in the building of regional and national restaurant compasss Howard Johnsons, Dairy Queen, Burger King, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Pizza Hut, and Taco Tico.Place- point of intersection-packaging was brought forcefully to the fore each restaurant in a chain variously shares the same logo, color scheme, architectural design motif, and point-of-purchase advertising, all configured in attention-getting, signlike buildings. Typically, fast food restaurants were located at the roadside, complete with driveways, parking lots, and, later, drive-through windows for those who preferred to eat elsewhere, including those who ate in their cars as dashboard diners. comminuted to industry success was the development of paper and plastic containers that kept food hot and facilitated carry-out. such packaging, because of the mickle of largely nonbiodegradable waste it creates, has become a meaty environmental problem. In 2000, Mcdonaldsthe largest quick-service chainoperated at some 13,755 locations in the United States and Canada. The companys distinctive golden arches have spread worldwide, well beyond North America. Abroad, fast food came to stand as an important symbol of American cultural, if not economic, prowess. And, just as it did at home, fast food became, as well, a clear icon of modernity.Historically, fast food merchandising contributed substantially to the quickening pace of American life through standardization. By the beginning of the 21st century, it fully embraced mass production and mass marketing techniques, reduced to the scale of a restaurant. Chains of restaurants, in turn, became fully rationalized within st andardized purchasing, marketing, and management systems. Such a system depends on a pool of cheap, largely unskilled labor, the quick service restaurant industry being notorious for its low reinforcement and, accordingly, its rapid turnover of personnel. Bibliography Jakle, John A. , and Keith A. Sculle.Fast Food Roadside Restaurants in the Automobile Age. Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999. Pillsbury, Richard. No Foreign Food The American Diet and Place. Boulder, Colo. Westview Press, 1998. Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation The unforgiving Side of the All-American Meal. New York HarperCollins, 2002. John A. Jakle Gale Encyclopedia of Food & grow Fast FoodTop Home Library Food & Cooking Food & Culture Encyclopedia What is termed fast food in the United States today most comm only consists of hot, freshly prepared, and wrapped food items, served to customers across a counter or through a drive-up window.Known as both fast food and quick-service food in the restaur ant industry, these items are routinely sold and delivered in an aggregate of time ranging from a few seconds to several minutes they now vary widely in food type, encompassing virtually all kinds of meats, preparation methods, and ethnic cuisines. Inexpensive hamburgers and french fried potatoes are still the products most readily identified as fast food, but the list of items sold in the format continually increases.Fried fish and shellfish, hot dogs, chicken, pizza, roast yell, and pasta are commonly sold at quick-service outlets. In addition to these staples, some quick-service restaurants sell a broad menu of Americanized Mexican, Greek, and Chinese foods. Some fast-food outlets offer specialty items, such as sushi, clams, or ribs, and others notwithstanding sell complete home-cooked meals over their counters. Though menus and preservation formats vary greatly, fast foods chief common denominators include immediate customer service, packaging to go, and inexpensive pricin g.The precise origins of fast food are vague, probably predating written history. Hungry people are as old as civilization itself, as are entrepreneurs eager to satisfy their hunger. Food vendors in ancient cities sold prepared items to passersby on the street. The actual foods varied greatly, depending on period and culture, but they generally comprised simple, inexpensive fare sold to people of abject means. Immigrants brought a variety of food styles to America, ofttimes preserving these for decades as a comforting connection with their ethnic past.Though many immigrant foodways were elaborate and ritualistic, most groups had one or two simple items that they consumed on a daily founding. As a rule, immigrant groups preferred their indigenous grains corn from the Americas, sift from Asia, and wheat from Europe. Often these served as the basis for the peasant foods of their homelands. Pasta and flat breads came over with Italians tortillas, beans, and tamales arrived with north bound Mexicans and Germans brought dark breads, along with a variety of fatty sausages (which later mutated into the hot dog).Asian immigrants continued to eat rice as the basis of their diet. In the early twentieth century fast food remained primarily the fare of the masses. Vendors wheeled their baby buggys daily to factory gates, sell their wares to hungry workers. Often catering to the tastes of the particular factorys dominant ethnic group, they charged customers pennies for basic items such as sausages, meatballs, or stew. Though popular among male industrial workers, this pushcart version of fast food never became mainstream cuisine.The urban diner was the transitional phase between the vendors pushcart and modern fast food. Most early diners were small restaurants, with limited seating, sometimes constructed out of converted railway carriages or streetcars. They served simple foods to working-class customers on a short-order basis, usually cooking each meal individually wh en ordered. cards varied, but fried foods were common. Though diners often emphasized speed in delivering food, customers routinely lingered forrader and after eating.The hamburger still stands out as the single most important American fast food, though the precise origin of this meat sandwich is the subject of historical disagreement. People have eaten chopped beef throughout the ages, and it was long a fixture in many world cultures. The lineage of the American hamburger seems to point directly, as its name indicates, back to the German city of Hamburg. First appearing on American restaurant menus in the mid-nineteenth century, ground beef patties bore the title hamburg steak. By the centurys close, vendors regularly sold meatballs wrapped in slices of bread at county fairs and summer festivals. Regional legends attribute the construct of this snack to several different individuals, but its true originator remains a mystery. The Rise of Modern Fast Food Our modern image of the fast-food restaurant dates back to 1916, when Walt Anderson began selling hamburger sandwiches from an outdoor stand on a Wichita street corner. Anderson simply flattened a meatball and placed it between two halves of a bun. His sandwich quickly became popular, attracting long lines of hungry buyers.By 1921, Anderson had joined local insurance broker Edgar Billy Ingram to form the White Castle System. aft(prenominal) theory several identical restaurants in Wichita during their first year, the partners quickly spread their business to neighboring cities, then to nine major urban areas throughout the Midwest and on the East Coast. What separated the White Castle System from earlier short-order restaurants was its very streamlined menu, comprising only hamburgers, coffee, Coca-Cola, and pie a uniform architectural style and strict standardization of food quality, preparation methods, and employee performance.By the close of the 1920s, White Castles aggressive marketing and rapid spre ad had made the hamburger one of the most popular foods in America. Other entrepreneurs soon noticed White Castles success in the hamburger business. Very closely write White Castles products, architecture, and company name, competing new chains also thrived, carrying the hamburger craze across the nation to smaller cities and towns. The White Tower chain appeared in 1925, eventually challenging White Castles dominance in several northern cities.Krystals, opened in 1929 in Chattanooga, soon became the hamburger powerhouse of the southeastern states. White Castles hamburger sandwich, along with its many imitators, became a daily staple for many working-class Americans. It proved so successful, in fact, that by 1930 the president of the American Restaurant Association identified the fast-food hamburger as the most important food item in the nation. Hamburgers became even more a mainstream food during the 1930s. The larger restaurant chains began marketing their products to middle-cla ss buyers, and even more Americans became burger lovers.Despite the harsh economy of the Great Depression, most fast-food chains continued to thrive, and in many cases grew considerably. Most continued selling the White Castlestyle hamburger, but late in the decade the deep Boy chain spread east from California, introducing its new double-decker hamburger sandwich along the way. By the end of the Depression, America was a solidly hamburger-eating culture. After prospering in the Depression, however, the fast-food industry suffered a serious setback during World War II.Shortages of necessary foodstuffs, such as meat, sugar, tomatoes, and coffee, meant limited menu offerings and often a significant loss of business. Attempting to continue providing meals to their customers, fast-food restaurants experimented with different items that were still in abundance, including soy patties, chili, and french fried potatoes. Even more damaging than commodity shortages was the very low unemploym ent rate, which meant that most workers bypassed the restaurant industry in favor of higher-paying work.Adjusting to this labor shortage, chains soon replaced their all-male workforce with women and juvenilers, two groups who would become their most common employees. Despite attempts to find palatable alternative foods, and despite the shifts in workforce, much of the fast-food industry was a casualty of the war by 1945, more than half of Americas restaurants had closed(a) down, including several of the major fast-food chains. Rebuilding the fast-food industry after the war proved a slow process. No single chain emerged to claim dominance, and little mutation occurred.Individual companies struggled to restore their prewar prosperity, and new regional chains tried to gain a foothold. Suffering the effects of escalating costs and still under the bane of continued shortages due to unstable food supplies in war-torn countries, fast-food restaurants often had to double prices to rema in in business. As population shifted from Americas cities to suburbia during the 1950s, the fast-food industry quickly followed. Early chains such as White Castle and White Tower, resisting moving to the suburbs, were quickly eclipsed by upstart franchised chains.Burger King and McDonalds outlets became common fixtures at suburban crossroads, selling burgers, fries, and shakes to hungry families. Burger Kings Jim McLamore and McDonalds Ray Kroc each sought to build one of his restaurants in every American town, and they opened hundreds of new Burger Kings and McDonalds each year in the 1960s. To accomplish this rapid expansion, they relied heavily on franchise investors, enforced strict product uniformity throughout their chains, and aggressively advertised in every newly opened territory. With McDonalds and Burger Kings success, Burger Chef outlets soon appeared nearby.Arbys, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and Taco ships bell were not far behind. By the late 1960s, fast food no longer me ant just hamburger restaurants, but had diversified to include quick-service pizza, roast beef, chicken, and tacos. To kick the bucket an idea of the dimensions to which the fast-food industry has grown, in 1999 Americans consumed over 26 billion pounds of beef, much of it as hamburgers. In that year McDonalds alone had more than ten meter restaurants in the United States, from which it grossed in excess of $13 billion in revenue. Criticism of Fast Food Despite the widespread popularity of fast food in modern American culture, critics abound.Since the 1930s, articles and books have condemned the industry, exposing allegedly poor sanitary conditions, un healthy food products, related environmental problems, and unfair working conditions. Whether it warrants the attention or not, the fast-food industry is still regularly cited for exploiting young workers, polluting, and contributing to obesity and other serious health problems among American consumers. American beef consumption, an d more specifically the fast-food hamburger industry, is often blamed for the burning of the Amazon rain forests to make way for more grazing lands for beef cattle.Early foes of fast food cited the deplorable filth of many hamburger stands, in addition to claiming that the beef ground for their sandwiches was either spoiled, diseased, or simply of low quality. In fact, many critics maintained that much of the meat employ in fast-food hamburgers came from horse carcasses. The high fat content of fast food was also controversial. Despite deceptive industry claims to the highest degree the high quality and the health benefits of their products, in the 1920s and 1930s concerned nutritionists warned the public about the medical dangers of regular burger consumption.This distrust and critical review of fast food continue today, extending even just to include dire warnings about the industrys use of genetically modified and antibiotic-laden beef products. Most major chains have respond ed to recent attacks by prominently posting calorie and nutritional charts in their restaurants, advertising fresh ingredients, and offering alternatives to their fried foods. Despite a few more health-conscious items on the menu, fast-food chains now aggressively advertise the concept that bigger is better, offering large super-size or biggie portions of french fries, soft drinks, and milkshakes.Critics point to this marketing emphasis as a reason for an excessive and greatly increasing per-capita caloric intake among fast-food consumers, resulting in fast-growing rates of obesity in the United States. Increased litter is another problem that critics have blamed on the fast-food industry. Selling their products in paper wrappings and paper bags, early outlets created a source of litter that had not previously existed. Wrappers strewn about city streets, especially those close to fast-food restaurants, brought harsh criticism, and often inspired new local ordinances to address the p roblem.Some municipalities actually forced chains to clean up litter that was imprinted with their logos, but such sanctions were rare. Fast-food wrappers became part of the urban, and later suburban, landscape. Since bags and wrappers were crucial in the delivery of fast food, the industry as a whole continued to use disposable packaging, superficially assuaging public criticism by providing outside churl receptacles for the discarded paper. Years later, environmentalists again attacked the industry for excessive packaging litter, criticizing both the volume and the content of the refuse.By the early 1970s, the harshest criticisms focused more on the synthetic materials used in packaging, and less on the carelessly discarded paper. Critics derided the industrys use of styrofoam sandwich containers and soda cups, claiming that these products were not sufficiently biodegradable and were clogging landfills. Facing mounting opposition from a growing environmental movement, most of the major chains returned to packaging food in paper wrappings or small cardboard boxes. Labor activists have criticized fast-food chains tendency to employ inexpensive teenage workers.Usually offering the lowest possible wages, with no health or retirement benefits, these restaurants often find it difficult hiring adults for stressful, fast-paced jobs. Many critics claim that the industry preys on teenagers, who will work for less pay and are less likely to organize. Though these accusations may have merit, the industrys reliance on teenage labor also has inherent liabilities, such as a high employee turnover rate, which result in substantial recruiting and training costs.Companies have countered criticism about their use of teenage workers with the rationale that they offer young people entry-level work experience, teaching them both skills and responsibility. Despite the relentless attacks, hundreds of millions of hungry customers eat fast food daily. The media constantly remind Ame rican consumers about its supposed evils. Most are conscious of the health risks from fatty, greasy meals most realize that they are being served by a poorly paid young worker and if they choose to ponder it, most are aware that the excessive packaging causes millions of tons of trash each year.But they continue to purchase and eat fast food on a regular basis. Fast food remains central to the American diet because it is inexpensive, quick, convenient, and predictable, and because it tastes good. Even more important, Americans eat fast food because it is now a cultural norm. As American culture homogenized and became distinctively American in the second half of the twentieth century, fast food, and especially the hamburger, emerged as the primary American ethnic food. Just as the Chinese eat rice and Mexicans eat tamales, Americans eat burgers. And fast food has grown even beyond being just a distinctive ethnic food.Since the 1960s, the concept has extended far beyond the food itsel f, with the term becoming a common descriptor for other quick-service operations, even a metaphor for many of the negative aspects of mainstream American life. Theorists and pundits sometimes use the term fast food to denigrate American habits, institutions, and values, referring to them as elements of a fast-food society. In fact, fast-food has become a frequently used adjective, implying not only ready availability but also superficiality, mass-produced standardization, lack of authenticity, or just poor quality.In the last two decades of the twentieth century, fast food gained additional economic and cultural significance, becoming a popular American export to nations around the world. Some detractors claim that it is even deliberately used by the United States, as a tool of cultural imperialism. The appearance of a McDonalds or Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurant on the streets of a unconnected city signals to many the demise of indigenous culture, replacing another countrys tra ditional practices and values with American materialism.In fact, the rapid spread of American fast food is probably not an organized conspiracy, rather more the result of aggressive corporate marketing strategies. Consumers in other countries are instinctive and able to buy fast-food products, so chains are quick to accommodate demand. Thought of around the world as American food, fast food continues its rapid international growth.Bibliography Boas, Max, and Steve Chain. Big Mac The Unauthorized Story of McDonalds. New York Dutton, 1976. Emerson, Robert, L. Fast Food The Endless Shakeout. New York Lebhar-Friedman, 1979. Halberstam, David. The Fifties.New York Villard Books, 1993. Chapter 11 discusses the origins of the McDonalds empire. Hogan, David Gerard. Selling em by the Sack White Castle and the Creation of American Food. New York New York University Press, 1997. Jakle, John A. , and Keith A. Sculle. Fast Food Roadside Restaurants in the Automobile Age. Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999. Langdon, Philip. orange tree Roofs, Golden Arches The Architecture of American Chain Restaurants. New York Knopf, 1986. McLamore, James, W. The Burger King Jim McLamore and the Building of an Empire. New York McGraw-Hill, 1998.Mariani, John. America Eats Out. New York William Morrow, 1991. Schlosser, Eric. Fast Food Nation The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. Boston and New York Houghton Mifflin, 2001. Tennyson, Jeffrey. Hamburger Heaven The Illustrated History of the Hamburger. New York Hyperion, 1993. Witzel, Michael Karl. The American Drive-In History and Folklore of the Drive-In Restaurant in the Car Culture. Osceola, Wisc. Motorbooks International, 1994. David Gerard Hogan AMG AllGame trace Fast FoodTop Home Library Entertainment & Arts Games Guide Release Date 1989 Genre Action.Style Maze Random House Word Menu categories related to fast foodTop Home Library Literature & Language Word Menu Categories Random House Word Menu by Stephen Glazier For a list of words related to fast food, see Cuisines, Meals, and Restaurants fast food cheap, mass-produced dishes served quickly at walk-in or drive-in outlets convenience food Wikipedia on Answers. com Fast foodTop Home Library Miscellaneous Wikipedia For other uses, see Fast food (disambiguation). A typical fast food meal in the United States includes a hamburger, french fries, and a soft drink.Pictured here are burgers from In-N-Out Burger McDonalds, Kentucky Fried Chicken and Pizza Hut fast food restaurants in the United Arab Emirates Fast food is the term given to food that can be prepared and served very quickly. While any meal with low preparation time can be considered to be fast food, typically the term refers to food sold in a restaurant or store with preheated or precooked ingredients, and served to the customer in a packaged form for take-out/take-away. The term fast food was recognized in a vocabulary by MerriamWebster in 1951.Outlets may be stands or kiosks, w hich may provide no shelter or seating,1 or fast food restaurants (also known as quick service restaurants). Franchise operations which are part of restaurant chains have standardized foodstuffs shipped to each restaurant from central locations. 2 Contents 1 History 1. 1 Pre-modern Europe 1. 2 United Kingdom 1. 3 United States 2 On the go 2. 1 Filling stations 2. 2 Street vendors and concessions 3 Cuisine 3. 1 Variants 4 Business 5 Employment 6 Globalization 7 Criticism 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History.

Summary: Vaccine and Young Girls

Rosario Y. Lopez Mrs. Walker ENG. 1301 November 02, 2012 Summary 1 HPV Vaccine Texas Tyranny Mike Adams essay, HPV Vaccine Texas Tyranny, demonstrates that the order made by Rick Perry, bypassing all the legislatures, to potency the vaccination of schoolgirlish girls with the HPV vaccine sold by Merck, one of his contributors in his campaign, is absolutely worthless and an outright fraud. (445-447) Adams assumes that reality of all this situation is the push of profits. Adams starts to declare his argument by exposing the question why dont pledge to give all their vaccines free of charge? (446) and he answered it with the phrase This is all somewhat money, not public health. (Adams 446) What is actually happening in Texas is the beginning a form of medical tyranny, declares Adams. If people let Texas get away of this problem, more states exit follow it and Merck will convince other governors to do the same actions and calling it public health. (446) Also, Adams suggest us fight t his tyranny by exposing it and there is a lot of ways to do it, such as, posting the cartoon in our web sites, making t-shirts, linking the article with others friends, etc. He wants us to train action of the young girls care.Adams debate is not only about the vaccine and the medical tyranny it is about our health freedom to a medical system. He defends his thinking with the studies of others industries. Adams explained us that the cervical cancer is prevented in a hundred other ways. It is really just a grand moneymaking scheme that exploits the bodies of young girls, marked to look like compassionate health care, (447) concludes Adams. Males, Mike. HPV Vaccine Texas Tyranny. Perspectives on Contemporary Issues Readings Across the Disciplines. 2006. 6e. Ed. Katherine Anne Ackley. Boston Wadsworth/ Cengage Learning, 2012. 446-448. Print.

Organizational Theory

There have been numerous studies regarding how the influence of engineering science has brought about transfigure to the coordinate of an fundamental law as well as its processes. Many of the studies have concluded that the organisational structure is strongly affected by the principal technology which the scheme uses. (Volt, 2005) Technology, In simple terms, Is seen as the renewal of Inputs Into outputs using machines, equipments and processes. It Is a system based on the use of knowledge and organization, evident in carnal objects for the attainment of precise lasts.However, with the coming a coarse of new technologies, as well as postmodernist and symbolic-interpretative, it has progress expanded on how we think of technology to include it into the arts and social practice. This essay eitherow for formula in the modernist and postmodernist post which get out provide the different views as to how technology, organizations, management and employees argon think. Th e modernist purview sees ontology as objectivism. What this means Is that they believe In the globe which exists externally outside the Influence of humans.They see the sphere as something which Is not subjected to others authority, walling to be covered. They believe that technology brings about value for the organization and that technology ordain decide the structure of an organization. Epistemology wise, modernist see it as positivism. They have a preference towards hard data such as numbers. An assumption do would be that with the application of scientific method, it is possible to find the truth about certain(a) events.This would then allow knowledge to best tested against the objective world. With the accumulation of knowledge, humans are than adequate to(p) to progress further and eventually evolve. Modernists adopt the General Systems Theory which is influenced by Mile Deuteriums structural functionalism. They are concerned with what are the factors that bring Individ uals and groups together. The concept of division of labor, central to concept of social structure Is the core concept for the modernist. They believe In the quantitative methods of research.When studying organization as a whole, It must be noted that the level of analysis would be the organization and the subsystems and super system are the departments and environment respectively. The goal is to ultimately help reproduce the larger system by understanding the laws which over these systems and how an activity is organism performed by the various subsystems. Modernists believe that the fulfillment of a purpose by an organization is closely related with technology to the environment. The increased improvements that technology constantly brings make it a special human venture.The example of us humans wanting to own the latest possible gadgets can be used for this instance. This brings about the foundation of a market Indirectly. The advances in technology are believed to bring abou t advances to an organization, positively and their level of energise Improvement can be measured by Its technological systemal advancement. Definitions of technology can be broken in down Into core, high and service. Core technology simply refers to constant flow of resources that are dealt directly with the performance of the intangible services which are consumed as products.Moving on, the modernist perspectives look into 3 most dominant typologies that emphasizes on how the dimensions of an organizational design is being influenced by technology. The first typology would be Joan Woodwards Industrial Organization (1965). She basically conducted tests to see if organizational principles were actually put into use. It was in like manner shown that compatibility of companies organizing themselves with technology was commercially successful. She found out that performance were of the highest levels when technologies of bunch fruit were put together with mechanistic forms of org anization.Also, the highest level of performance was achieved when technologies dealing with small batch or unbroken processing were combined with organic firms. However, unmatched limitation of her typology was that the technologies collectd in the sector of service were ignored. The finishorse typology was James Thompson Organizations in Action (1967). Basically e suggested that the type of technology, which was different depending on the degree of interdependence in the conversion process, affects the structure of an organization.He distinguished between long linked, mediating and intensive. Long linked is technologies deal with mass production and continuous processing. It is when an input is being put on one end of a long series of steps which happens in sequence which will end with the output. Mediating is technologies involved in bringing mass together for exchange. Examples include those working in banks or insurance companies whose purpose of to bring customers toge ther for exchange.Intensive technologies involve more than 1 specialized skill, for example, hospital emergency rooms or research labs. To put in simply, it is when in that location is a unique input and the end result will be a customized output. The third base typology is the Charles Proper Organizational Analysis (1970). He studied the reasons why the complexities of technologies are higher than others and how it can offer to uncertainty. These uncertainties are in terms of the quality of inputs and whether they are available, and also variability involved in the transformation process.A technology with a higher level of complexity will lead to a higher amount f uncertainty. This will also lead to decisions which are less programmed and the use of discretion will be higher. There are 2 factors which will influence the complexity of technology. They are lying-in variability and task inalienability. Task variability is the number of exceptions to standard procedures encountered in the application of given theory and task inalienability is the outcome which, an exception is encountered, there are known methods to deal with it. Hatch and Councils, 2013) These 3 typologies that have been used demonstrate how an organizational structure is affected by the different technologies. The production technologies chosen must be matched with organizational forms and also the success of an organization would be obtained if the structures and procedures are suitable to the productive technology which has been employed. The structure of an organization technology that are used for their transformation. I shall now lift on to the postmodernist perspective.Ontologically, they believe that reality is merely Just an illusion which, through manner of speaking and discourse, is created. The world is said to be made to appear in language, discourse and artwork with no referents because there is nothing to which to refer. Hatch and Councils, 2013) This is clearly against wh at the modernist perspective said. Epistemologically, post modernist believes that there can be no truth about reality, since there is no independence to it. The use of language is used to enforce power and social arrangements whilst organizations are merely, imagined entities.Postmodernists believe that technology can be a destructive process which can cause a change or the downfall of established organizational roles and values. They believe that technology is a form of mold. An example that can be used for this statement s the British manufacturers working in the textile industry who wanted to introduce more machines but this move was greatly objected by the workers as they are afraid of the impact on their Jobs and skills if it happened. There are 3 aspects with regards to conceptions of technology by the postmodernist.Firstly would be the technologies of representation. This is basically Just the technologies involved to represent individuals and work processes. Examples would include electronic data and photographs which can all be used to control employees. This brings about fear which the future susceptibility bring. This fear is brought about by he expected growth of equivalence which can track almost everything, from the keystroke made to the websites accessed. All this will lead to the higher possibility of online accounts being hacked into which will ultimately lead to the capturing of ones individuality and codes.The second aspect is the technologies of control. This is when the value for highest level of performance achieved by the reduction of energy being expended trance increasing output to its maximum capacity and is often brought about by decisions of values linked to a person or institution which are based on their contribution to efficiency. However, a disadvantage is that since impartiality and fairness are not clearly in relations to efficiency, it brings about the neglecting of truth and Justice.Adding on, knowledge will be changed into a commodity by technology as the acceptable knowledge can be spread by the calculator. The last aspect would be civilization. This is a hybridism agreeable of organization which is known to be of a techno-human construct. This occurs when an organization is being taken over by computers or electromechanical instruments, be it in whole or Just by part. The organization is being determined not simply by canines, but also by the human intervention. There are dangers involved in civilization. One of which would be technology being abused and misused.Instead of technology serving the organization which is the main point of it, organizational technology, individuals from an organization would tend to expect more from it despite the limitations of how much it can actually deliver. The social and human factors also will be inferior to the capacities technologically. Additionally, according to a French philosopher that influences post-modernism is Michel Faculty, it is power related with regards to all social, semi governmental and organization relations. The relations of power do not act according to any reasonable logic or contested system.There is bound to be resistance whenever there is power involved. Employees will find port to go around the loopholes that are present in the organization. However, resistance can never lead to liberty from restraint since all social relations are in relations to power. There is no itinerary to resist domination. Postmodernist organizations make use of surveillance mechanisms which is to control the members within the organization. This includes closed-circuit television, monitoring of computer usage and mandatory diaries.These will lead to self- surveillance since members will know that they are being monitored which will lead to dehumidifying conditions. All the points in postmodernist perspective that have been talked about draws attention to not only social, but also the historical and political creation of knowled ge, humans and relations socially. This would include how every one of these will appear in the present-day organizations. When domination is supported, humans and organizations will be at the losing end if they overlook the construction activities by regarding the existing world as rational and neutral.Technology might be selected since it meets the necessary needs of power holders within the organization and not because of its natural superiority. The postmodernist are not all against the technology computer brings. They believe it encourages democracy and also believe it is an essential tool with regards to the economy, environment and political resistance. In conclusion, it can be seen that the modernist insights with regards to the relations between technology, organizations, management and employees are different from what the postmodernist perspective has to offer.Modernists believe that technology rings about different effects to the structure of an organization and the cor rect kind of productive technology employed will bring about the highest levels of performance. The post modernist on the other hand, sees technology as a form of power. They believe that the usage of surveillance as a form of control over its members will lead to self-surveillance. This is true to a certain extent but it also leads to a kind of dehumidifying condition since employees are then expected to take extra precaution when doing something in the oeuvre since their every move is being monitored.